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Vol. 28. Núm. S4.
Uso prudente de antimicrobianos
Páginas 32-35 (noviembre 2010)
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Vol. 28. Núm. S4.
Uso prudente de antimicrobianos
Páginas 32-35 (noviembre 2010)
Acceso a texto completo
Uso prudente de antibióticos y propuestas de mejora en los centros sociosanitarios
Prudent use of antibiotics and suggestions for improvement in long-term-care facilities
Visitas
4239
Francesc Gudiol
Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

Los antibióticos están entre los fármacos más prescritos en los centros sociosanitarios, representando alrededor del 40% del total. Se estima que la probabilidad de que un residente reciba como mínimo una pauta de antibióticos al año es del 70%. La prevalencia se sitúa entre el 4 y el 10%, y la incidencia entre 3 y 14 tratamientos por 1.000 estancias, aunque hay una gran variabilidad en la intensidad de consumo entre centros aparentemente similares. Por otra parte, un alto porcentaje de tratamientos antibióticos se considera inapropiado, especialmente porque la mayoría de tratamientos son empíricos, se indican a menudo para tratar colonizaciones y se utilizan en exceso antibióticos de amplio espectro durante demasiado tiempo. Las principales consecuencias del uso inapropiado son el incremento de las resistencias microbianas y de los efectos adversos en esta población de ancianos frágiles. Gran parte de las dificultades para mejorar el uso de antibióticos reside en las propias características de los centros, con escasos recursos para realizar actividades organizadas de control de infecciones y políticas de antibióticos. Las posibilidades de mejora pasan por organizar programas locales enfocados a resolver los aspectos más básicos del uso prudente de antibióticos, desde el diagnóstico de infección y elaboración de protocolos de tratamiento empírico y dirigido, hasta la puesta en marcha de unas actividades mínimas de análisis y control. Los centros con mayores recursos y experiencia deben avanzar en la implementación y evaluación de intervenciones educativas y proyectos de investigación.

Palabras clave:
Centros sociosanitarios
Antibióticos
Uso prudente
Resistencias microbianas
Abstract

Antibiotics are among the most prescribed drugs in long-term-care facilities, accounting for nearly 40% of all prescribed drugs. It is estimated that the likelihood that a resident patient will receive at least one course of antibiotics per year is 70%. Prevalence is 4%–10%, and incidence between 3 and 4 treatments per 1,000 stays, though there is great variability between apparently similar centres in terms of consumption. On the other hand, a high percentage of antibiotic treatments are considered inappropriate because most are empirical, often prescribed to treat bacterial colonisation and too many broad-spectrum antibiotics are used for too long. The main consequences of inappropriate use are the increase of microbial resistance and side effects in this frail, elderly population. The challenges of improving the use of antibiotics lie in the basic characteristics of these centres, with limited resources to carry out organised activities to control infections and antibiotic policies. Some possibilities for improvement include organising local programmes focused on the most basic aspects of appropriate use of antibiotics, from the diagnosis of infection and the development of empirical and targeted treatment protocols, to the implementation of minimal activities of analysis and surveillance. Centers with more resources and greater experience should lead the implementation and evaluation of educational interventions and research projects.

Keywords:
Medical and social services centres
Antibiotics
Prudent use
Microbial resistance
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Copyright © 2010. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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