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Vol. 73. Issue 3.
Pages 154-160 (March 2003)
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Vol. 73. Issue 3.
Pages 154-160 (March 2003)
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Toracotomía urgente en traumatismos penetrantes y cerrados: incidencia, características demográficas y análisis de resultados en un registro hospitalario de traumatizados graves
Urgent thoracotomy in blunt and penetrating trauma: Incidence, demographic characteristics and analysis of results in a hospital registry of severe trauma
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F. Turégano Fuentes1,a, M. Sanz Sáncheza, D. Pérez Díaza, J.R. Ots Gutiérreza, J. Perea Garcíaa, A. Trujillo Barbadilloa, B. Díaz Zoritaa, P. Cereceda Barberoa, B. Quijada Garcíaa, J. Naranjo Gómezb, N. Moreno Matab, F. González Aragonesesb, E. Orusco Palominob, J.L. Vallejo Ruizc, L. Reparaz Asensiodd
a Sección de Cirugía de Urgencia y Departamento de Cirugía. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
b Servicios de Cirugía Torácica
c Servicios de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
d Sección de Cirugía Vascular Periférica. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
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Resumen
Objetivo

En países de nuestro entorno europeo la necesidad de toracotomía urgente por traumatismo es escasa. Nuestro objetivo ha sido analizar la gravedad de los pacientes con traumatismo penetrante (TP) y cerrado (TC) que han necesitado toracotomía urgente, con el fin de valorar si la toracotomía por traumatismo en nuestro medio no conlleva peores resultados, en términos de supervivencia, que el estándar internacional.

Métodos

Hemos analizado las características demográficas, indicaciones, tipos, escalas de gravedad (RTS, AIS, ISS y NISS) y TPS (TRISS Probability of Survival), así como las muertes potencialmente evitables y posibles errores de manejo inicial de los pacientes traumatizados que han necesitado una toracotomía dentro de las primeras 48 h.

Resultados

Entre agosto de 1993 y agosto de 2002 se ha recogido en nuestro registro de traumatizados graves un abordaje torácico urgente, único o combinado con otras vía de abordaje, en 51 pacientes. En 26 y 25 pacientes la toracotomía fue por TP y TC, respectivamente. En el grupo con TP el tiempo medio de transporte fue de 49 min. Las indicaciones del abordaje torácico fueron: 3 casos por situación in extremis en el Departamento de Urgencias, 11 por shock al ingreso, 10 por lesiones específicas en pacientes que no estaban en shock y 2 por hemorragia persistente a través de un tubo de drenaje. Un 11,5% necesitaron abordaje toracoabdominal combinado. La lesión más frecuente fue la herida por arma blanca cardíaca AIS V. El RTS, ISS y NISS medios fueron de 8,2, 23 y 30, respectivamente. La mortalidad a 30 días fue de 7 casos (27%). En función del TPS dos de los fallecidos aparecen como muertes potencialmente evitables. En el grupo con TC el tiempo medio de transporte fue de 63 min. Las indicaciones de la toracotomía fueron: 3 casos por situación in extremis, 3 por shock al ingreso, 14 por lesiones especificas en pacientes que no estaban en shock y 5 por hemorragia torácica persistente. Un 32% necesitaron un abordaje toracoabdominal combinado. Hubo lesiones cardíacas o de grandes vasos en 11 pacientes (44%). El RTS, ISS y NISS medios fueron de 8,9, 34 y 41, respectivamente. La mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 12 casos (48%), y 2 aparecen como muertes potencialmente evitables en función del TPS.

Conclusiones

En las toracotomías por TP los “tiempos de transporte” parecen prolongados a la luz de las recomendaciones de la bibliografía. La necesidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) avanzada in situ o durante el traslado ha sido un factor de pronóstico fatal en nuestra serie. En el TC una causa muy frecuente de toracotomía urgente ha sido la rotura aórtica y de cavidades cardíacas. La necesidad de laparotomía asociada ha sido frecuente, y conlleva una alta mortalidad. La baja incidencia global de toracotomía urgente por traumatismo en nuestro medio no parece influir negativamente en los resultados de supervivencia, aunque se han detectado errores de evaluación y manejo susceptibles de corrección.

Palabras clave:
Traumatizados
Toracotomía urgente
Trauma scores
TRISS
Traumatismo cardíaco
Mortalidad evitable
Objective

In European countries, there is little need for urgent thoracotomy for trauma. The aim of this study was to analyze severity in patients with blunt and penetrating trauma who required urgent thoracotomy in order to evaluate whether survival after thoracotomy for trauma is lower in our environment than the international standard.

Methods

We analyzed demographic characteristics, indications, types, severity scales (Revised Trauma Score [RTS], Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS], Injury Severity Score [ISS], and New Injury Severity Score [NISS]) and TRISS Probability of Survival (TPS), as well as potentially avoidable deaths and possible errors of initial management of trauma patients who required thoracotomy within the first 48 hours of injury.

Results

Between August 1993 and August 2002, the urgent thoracic approach, both single and combined with other approaches, was performed in 51 patients and recorded in our Severe Trauma Registry. Thoracotomy was performed for penetrating trauma (PT) in 26 patients and for blunt trauma (BT) in 25 patients. In the group with PT the mean transportation time was 49 minutes. Indications for the thoracic approach were: in extremis status in the Emergency Department in 3 patients, shock on admission in 11, specific lesions in 10 patients who were not in shock, and persistent hemorrhage through a drainage tube in 2 patients. A combined thoracoabdominal approach was required in 11.5%. The most frequent lesion was stab wound to the heart AIS V. The mean RTS, ISS and NISS were 8.2, 23 and 30, respectively. Mortality at 30 days was 27% (7 patients). According to the TPS, there were two cases of potentially avoidable deaths. In the group with BT the mean transportation time was 63 minutes. Indications for thoracotomy were: in extremis status in 3 patients, shock on admission in 3, specific lesions in 14 patients who were not in shock, and persistent thoracic hemorrhage in 5 patients. A combined thoracoabdominal approach was required in 32%. Lesions to the heart or great vessels were found in 11 patients (44%). The mean RTS, ISS and NISS were 8.9, 34 and 41, respectively. Mortality at 30 days was 48% (12 patients) and there were 2 potentially avoidable deaths according to the TPS.

Conclusions

In thoracotomies for PT, transportation times seem long in the light of recommendations made in the literature. In our series the need for advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation on-site or during transportation was a prognostic factor for nonsurvival. In BT, a frequent cause of urgent thoracotomy was rupture of the aorta and cardiac chambers. The need for associated laparotomy was frequent with high mortality. The low overall incidence of urgent thoracotomy for trauma in our environment did not seem to negatively influence survival, although errors in evaluation and management that could be corrected were found.

Key words:
Trauma
Urgent thoracotomy
Trauma scores
TRISS
Cardiac trauma
Avoidable death
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