metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Toracotomía urgente en traumatismos penetrantes y cerrados: incidencia, caracte...
Información de la revista
Vol. 73. Núm. 3.
Páginas 154-160 (marzo 2003)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 73. Núm. 3.
Páginas 154-160 (marzo 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Toracotomía urgente en traumatismos penetrantes y cerrados: incidencia, características demográficas y análisis de resultados en un registro hospitalario de traumatizados graves
Urgent thoracotomy in blunt and penetrating trauma: Incidence, demographic characteristics and analysis of results in a hospital registry of severe trauma
Visitas
7062
F. Turégano Fuentes1,a, M. Sanz Sáncheza, D. Pérez Díaza, J.R. Ots Gutiérreza, J. Perea Garcíaa, A. Trujillo Barbadilloa, B. Díaz Zoritaa, P. Cereceda Barberoa, B. Quijada Garcíaa, J. Naranjo Gómezb, N. Moreno Matab, F. González Aragonesesb, E. Orusco Palominob, J.L. Vallejo Ruizc, L. Reparaz Asensiodd
a Sección de Cirugía de Urgencia y Departamento de Cirugía. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
b Servicios de Cirugía Torácica
c Servicios de Cirugía Cardiovascular. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
d Sección de Cirugía Vascular Periférica. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España.
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen
Objetivo

En países de nuestro entorno europeo la necesidad de toracotomía urgente por traumatismo es escasa. Nuestro objetivo ha sido analizar la gravedad de los pacientes con traumatismo penetrante (TP) y cerrado (TC) que han necesitado toracotomía urgente, con el fin de valorar si la toracotomía por traumatismo en nuestro medio no conlleva peores resultados, en términos de supervivencia, que el estándar internacional.

Métodos

Hemos analizado las características demográficas, indicaciones, tipos, escalas de gravedad (RTS, AIS, ISS y NISS) y TPS (TRISS Probability of Survival), así como las muertes potencialmente evitables y posibles errores de manejo inicial de los pacientes traumatizados que han necesitado una toracotomía dentro de las primeras 48 h.

Resultados

Entre agosto de 1993 y agosto de 2002 se ha recogido en nuestro registro de traumatizados graves un abordaje torácico urgente, único o combinado con otras vía de abordaje, en 51 pacientes. En 26 y 25 pacientes la toracotomía fue por TP y TC, respectivamente. En el grupo con TP el tiempo medio de transporte fue de 49 min. Las indicaciones del abordaje torácico fueron: 3 casos por situación in extremis en el Departamento de Urgencias, 11 por shock al ingreso, 10 por lesiones específicas en pacientes que no estaban en shock y 2 por hemorragia persistente a través de un tubo de drenaje. Un 11,5% necesitaron abordaje toracoabdominal combinado. La lesión más frecuente fue la herida por arma blanca cardíaca AIS V. El RTS, ISS y NISS medios fueron de 8,2, 23 y 30, respectivamente. La mortalidad a 30 días fue de 7 casos (27%). En función del TPS dos de los fallecidos aparecen como muertes potencialmente evitables. En el grupo con TC el tiempo medio de transporte fue de 63 min. Las indicaciones de la toracotomía fueron: 3 casos por situación in extremis, 3 por shock al ingreso, 14 por lesiones especificas en pacientes que no estaban en shock y 5 por hemorragia torácica persistente. Un 32% necesitaron un abordaje toracoabdominal combinado. Hubo lesiones cardíacas o de grandes vasos en 11 pacientes (44%). El RTS, ISS y NISS medios fueron de 8,9, 34 y 41, respectivamente. La mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 12 casos (48%), y 2 aparecen como muertes potencialmente evitables en función del TPS.

Conclusiones

En las toracotomías por TP los “tiempos de transporte” parecen prolongados a la luz de las recomendaciones de la bibliografía. La necesidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) avanzada in situ o durante el traslado ha sido un factor de pronóstico fatal en nuestra serie. En el TC una causa muy frecuente de toracotomía urgente ha sido la rotura aórtica y de cavidades cardíacas. La necesidad de laparotomía asociada ha sido frecuente, y conlleva una alta mortalidad. La baja incidencia global de toracotomía urgente por traumatismo en nuestro medio no parece influir negativamente en los resultados de supervivencia, aunque se han detectado errores de evaluación y manejo susceptibles de corrección.

Palabras clave:
Traumatizados
Toracotomía urgente
Trauma scores
TRISS
Traumatismo cardíaco
Mortalidad evitable
Objective

In European countries, there is little need for urgent thoracotomy for trauma. The aim of this study was to analyze severity in patients with blunt and penetrating trauma who required urgent thoracotomy in order to evaluate whether survival after thoracotomy for trauma is lower in our environment than the international standard.

Methods

We analyzed demographic characteristics, indications, types, severity scales (Revised Trauma Score [RTS], Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS], Injury Severity Score [ISS], and New Injury Severity Score [NISS]) and TRISS Probability of Survival (TPS), as well as potentially avoidable deaths and possible errors of initial management of trauma patients who required thoracotomy within the first 48 hours of injury.

Results

Between August 1993 and August 2002, the urgent thoracic approach, both single and combined with other approaches, was performed in 51 patients and recorded in our Severe Trauma Registry. Thoracotomy was performed for penetrating trauma (PT) in 26 patients and for blunt trauma (BT) in 25 patients. In the group with PT the mean transportation time was 49 minutes. Indications for the thoracic approach were: in extremis status in the Emergency Department in 3 patients, shock on admission in 11, specific lesions in 10 patients who were not in shock, and persistent hemorrhage through a drainage tube in 2 patients. A combined thoracoabdominal approach was required in 11.5%. The most frequent lesion was stab wound to the heart AIS V. The mean RTS, ISS and NISS were 8.2, 23 and 30, respectively. Mortality at 30 days was 27% (7 patients). According to the TPS, there were two cases of potentially avoidable deaths. In the group with BT the mean transportation time was 63 minutes. Indications for thoracotomy were: in extremis status in 3 patients, shock on admission in 3, specific lesions in 14 patients who were not in shock, and persistent thoracic hemorrhage in 5 patients. A combined thoracoabdominal approach was required in 32%. Lesions to the heart or great vessels were found in 11 patients (44%). The mean RTS, ISS and NISS were 8.9, 34 and 41, respectively. Mortality at 30 days was 48% (12 patients) and there were 2 potentially avoidable deaths according to the TPS.

Conclusions

In thoracotomies for PT, transportation times seem long in the light of recommendations made in the literature. In our series the need for advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation on-site or during transportation was a prognostic factor for nonsurvival. In BT, a frequent cause of urgent thoracotomy was rupture of the aorta and cardiac chambers. The need for associated laparotomy was frequent with high mortality. The low overall incidence of urgent thoracotomy for trauma in our environment did not seem to negatively influence survival, although errors in evaluation and management that could be corrected were found.

Key words:
Trauma
Urgent thoracotomy
Trauma scores
TRISS
Cardiac trauma
Avoidable death
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A.B. Nathens, G.J. Jurkovich, R.V. Maier, D.C. Grossman, E.J. MacKenzie, M. Moore, F.P. Rivara.
Relationship between trauma center volume and outcomes.
JAMA, 285 (2001), pp. 1164-1171
[2.]
R.F. Smith, L. Frateschi, E.P. Sloan, L. Campbell, R. Gueg, L.C. Edwards, et al.
The impact of volume on outcome in seriously injures trauma patients: two year’s experience of the Chicago trauma system.
J Trauma, 30 (1990), pp. 1066-1076
[3.]
M.D. Pasquale, A.B. Peitzman, J. Bednarski, T.E. Wasser.
Outcome analysis of Pennsylvania trauma centers: factors predictive of nonsurvival in seriously injured patients.
J Trauma, 50 (2001), pp. 465-474
[4.]
H.R. Champion, W.S. Copes, W.J. Sacco, M.M. Lawnick, S.L. Keast, L.W. Bain, et al.
The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care.
J Trauma, 30 (1990), pp. 1356-1365
[5.]
T. Osler, S.P. Baker, W. Long.
A modification of the Injury Severity Score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring.
J Trauma, 43 (1997), pp. 922-926
[6.]
F. Turégano Fuentes, M.L. De Fuenmayor Varela, A. Quintans Rodríguez, J.R. Ots Gutiérrez, J. Lago Oliver, B. Tallón, et al.
Probabili- dad de supervivencia en traumatismos graves. Análisis del modelo TRISS en un registro hospitalario.
Cir Esp, 68 (2000), pp. 125-129
[7.]
F. Turégano, J.R. Ots, J.R. Martín, E. Bordons, J. Perea, D. Vega, et al.
Mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con traumatismos graves: análisis de la mortalidad evitable.
Cir Esp, 70 (2001), pp. 21-26
[8.]
R. Karmy-Jones, G.J. Jurkovich, A.B. Nathens, D.V. Shatz, S. Brundage, M.J. Wall, et al.
Timing of urgent thoracotomy for hemorrhage after trauma: a multicenter study.
Arch Surg, 136 (2001), pp. 513-518
[9.]
T.J. Coats, S. Keogh, H. Clark, M. Neal.
Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series.
J Trauma, 50 (2001), pp. 670-673
[10.]
M.J. Wall, P.E. Pepe, K.L. Mattox.
Successful roadside resuscitative thoracotomy: case report and literature review.
J Trauma, 36 (1994), pp. 131-134
[11.]
S.P. Keogh, A.W. Wilson.
Survival following pre-hospital arrest with onscene thoracotomy for a stabbed heart.
Injury, 27 (1996), pp. 525-527
[12.]
R. Aihara, F.H. Millham, J. Blansfield, E.F. Hirsch.
Emergency room thoracotomy for penetrating chest injury: effect of an institutional protocol.
J Trauma, 50 (2001), pp. 1027-1030
[13.]
G.J. Jurkovich, T.H.J. Esposito, R.V. Maier.
Resuscitative thoracotomy performed in the operating room.
Am J Surg, 163 (1992), pp. 463-468
[14.]
G.C. Velmahos, E. Degiannis, I. Souter, A.C. Allwood, R. Saadia.
Outcome of a strict policy on emergency department thoracotomies.
Arch Surg, 130 (1995), pp. 774-777
[15.]
R.R. Ivatury, J. Kazigo, M. Rohman, J. Gaudino, R. Simon, W.M. Stahl.
Directed emergency room thoracotomy: a prognostic prerequisite for survival.
J Trauma, 31 (1991), pp. 1076-1082
[16.]
F.H. Millham, G.A. Grindlinger.
Survival determinants in patients undergoing emergency room thoracotomy for penetrating chest injury.
J Trauma, 34 (1993), pp. 332-336
[17.]
M. Boyd, V.W. Vanek, C.C. Bourguet.
Emergency room resuscitative thoracotomy: when is it indicated?.
J Trauma, 32 (1992), pp. 714-721
[18.]
H.P. Lorenz, B. Steinmetz, J. Lieberman, W.P. Schecter, J.R. Macho.
Emergency thoracotomy: survival correlates with physiologic status.
J Trauma, 32 (1992), pp. 780-788
[19.]
T.J. Esposito, G.J. Jurkovich, C.L. Rice, R.V. Maier, M.K. Copass, D.G. Ashbaugh.
Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environement.
J Trauma, 31 (1991), pp. 881-887
[20.]
S.W. Branney, E.E. Moore, K.M. Feldhaus, R.E. Wolfe.
Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center.
J Trauma, 45 (1998), pp. 87-95
[21.]
J. Kavolius, M. Golocovsky, H.R. Champion.
Predictors of outcome in patients who have sustained trauma and who undergo emergency thoracotomy.
Arch Surg, 128 (1993), pp. 1158-1162
[22.]
P.M. Rhee, J. Acosta, A. Bridgeman, D. Wang, M. Jordan, N. Rich.
Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years.
J Am Coll Surg, 190 (2000), pp. 288-298
[23.]
M.A. Miglietta, T.V. Robb, S.R. Eachempati, B.O. Porter, R. Cherry, J. Brause, et al.
Current opinion regarding indications for emergency department thoracotomy.
J Trauma, 51 (2001), pp. 670-676
[24.]
L.A. Durham, R.J. Richardson, M.J. Wall, P.E. Pepe, K.L. Mattox.
Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation.
J Trauma, 32 (1992), pp. 775-779
[25.]
American College of Surgeons, (2002),
[26.]
E.E. Moore, M.A. Malangoni, T.H. Cogbill, S.R. Shackford, H.R. Champion, G.S. Inrkovich, et al.
Organ injury scaling IV: Thoracic, vascular, lung, cardiac and diafragm.
J Trauma, 36 (1994), pp. 229-300
[27.]
M.A. Rashid, T. Wikström, P. Örtenwall.
Cardiac injuries: a ten-year experience.
Eur J Surg, 166 (2000), pp. 18-21
[28.]
J.A. Asensio, J. Murray, D. Demetriades, J. Berne, E. Cornwell, G. Velmahos, et al.
Penetrating cardiac injuries: a prospective study of variables predicting outcomes.
J Am Coll Surg, 186 (1998), pp. 24-34
[29.]
J.A. Asensio, J.D. Berne, D. Demetriades, L. Chan, J. Murria, A. Falabella, et al.
One hundred five penetrating cardiac injuries: a 2-year prospective evaluation.
J Trauma, 44 (1998), pp. 1073-1082
[30.]
N.C. Campbell, S.R. Thomson, D.J.J. Muckart, C.M. Meumann, I. Van Middelkoop, J.B.C. Botha.
Review of 1198 cases of penetrating cardiac trauma.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 1737-1740
[31.]
G. Fulda, C.E.M. Brathwaite, A. Rodríguez, S.Z. Turney, C.M. Dunham, R.A. Cowley.
Blunt traumatic rupture of the heart and pericardium: a ten-year experience (1979-1989.
J Trauma, 31 (1991), pp. 167-173
[32.]
R. Saadia, E. Degiannis, R.D. Levy.
Management of combined penetrating cardiac and abdominal trauma.
Injury, 28 (1997), pp. 343-347
[33.]
A. Hirshberg, M.J. Wall, M.K. Allen, K.L. Mattox.
Double jeopardy: thoracoabdominal injuries requiring surgical intervention in both chest and abdomen.
J Trauma, 39 (1995), pp. 225-231
[34.]
M.A. Mansour, E.E. Moore, F.A. Moore, R.R. Read.
Exigent postinjury thoracotomy analysis of blunt versus penetrating trauma.
Surg Gynecol Obstet, 175 (1992), pp. 97-101
[35.]
R. Karmy-Jones, G.J. Jurkovich, D.V. Shatz, S. Brundage, M.J. Wall, S. Engelhardt, et al.
Management of traumatic lung injury: a western trauma association multicenter review.
J Trauma, 51 (2001), pp. 1049-1053
[36.]
R.D. Sayers, M.J. Underwood, P.C. Bewes, K.M. Porter.
Surgical management of major thoracic injuries.
Injury, 25 (1994), pp. 75-79
[37.]
A. Quintans Rodríguez, F. Turégano Fuentes, P. Hernández Granados, M.D. Pérez Díaz, M.L. Fuenmayor Valera, C. Fernández Moreira.
Survival after prehospital advanced life support in severe trauma.
Eur J Emerg Med, 2 (1995), pp. 224-226
[38.]
E.E. Cornwell, H. Belzberg, K. Hennigan, Ch. Maxson, G. Montoya, A. Rosenbluth, et al.
Emergency medical services (EMS) vs non- EMS transport of critically injured patients. A prospective evaluation.
Arch Surg, 135 (2000), pp. 315-319
[39.]
M. Liberman, D. Mulder, J. Sampalis.
Advanced or basic life support for trauma: meta-analysis and critical review of the literature.
J Trauma, 49 (2000), pp. 584-599
[40.]
S. Westaby.
Resuscitation in thoracic trauma.
Br J Surg, 81 (1994), pp. 929-931
[41.]
S. Ruchholtz, C. Waydhas, C. Ose, U. Lewan, D. Nast-Kolb.
for the Working Group on Multiple Trauma of the German Trauma Society. Prehospital intubation in severe thoracic trauma without respiratory insufficiency: a matched-pair analysis based on the trauma registry of the German Trauma Society.
J Trauma, 52 (2002), pp. 879-886
Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos