Gossypiboma (from [Latin] “gossypium” (cotton) and [Swahili] “boma” (place of concealment)) is defined as a mass of cotton matrix or sponge accidentally retained in the body postoperatively. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present non-specific clinical symptoms or serious complications in the early postoperative period as well as months or years after the operation.
We present the case of a woman who sought medical attention due to uncharacteristic abdominal pain, weight loss and chronic refractory anemia. She had undergone gynecological operations 16 and 13 years prior.
CASE PRESENTATIONA 58-year-old woman with a medical history of a total abdominal hysterectomy with right oophorectomy in 1993 (16 years ago) followed by surgical removal of the left ovary in 1996 (3 years later) presented in the emergency unit several times due to recurrent episodes of colicky abdominal pain over the last 6 years. In one of these emergency consultations, her hemoglobin level was 5.1 g/dL, and she was diagnosed with hypochromic microcytic anemia with low ferritin. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a Helicobacter pylori-negative bulbar ulcer. She received a blood transfusion, and treatment for the ulcer was prescribed. Afterward, she was seen regularly on an outpatient basis.
Despite a high-dose oral iron replacement regimen, her hemoglobin levels did not reach normal values. She continued to present sporadic episodes of uncharacteristic abdominal pain. In 2006, she was admitted to our hospital for a more thorough investigation. Upper digestive endoscopy showed a healed bulbar ulcer, and colonoscopy revealed left colonic diverticula and two inflammatory polyps, which were resected. Abdominal ultrasound was normal. She was discharged with instructions for oral iron replacement and ambulatory follow-up.
In 2009, she was admitted again due to anemia, chronic fatigue, recurrent abdominal pain and unintentional weight loss over the previous nine months. Physical examination showed a painful abdominal mass in the right flank. At admission, laboratory results showed a hemoglobin value of 7.3 g/dL (with a mean corpuscular volume of 63 fL, a mean corpuscular hemoglobin content of 18 pg and a red blood cell distribution width of 19.9%), a normal leukocyte count and discrete thrombocytosis. Serum ferritin was measured at 15 ng/mL.
The presence of occult blood in the stool was not investigated, but endoscopic examinations were performed. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed esophageal moniliasis and a bulbar ulcer scar. The patient was negative for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an intraluminal heterogeneous mass with indications of trapped air in the bowel, suggesting the presence of a bezoar (Figure 1). The exam was complemented with ultrasonography, which confirmed an intraluminal mass with dense posterior acoustic shadowing. Colonoscopy was repeated, showing only rare diverticula in the sigmoid portion and a 0.5-cm reparative polyp in the transverse colon. Hemogram results and iron deposit dosages were compatible with iron deficiency anemia, despite the lack of an evident bleeding source upon endoscopic examination.
The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy that showed intense fibrosis between the distal jejunum and proximal ileum, with an entero-enteric fistula (Figure 2) and a hard intraluminal mass that corresponded to a surgical sponge (Figure 3). Two large inflammatory intestinal polyps were found in contact with the sponge. The mass was resected along with a bowel segment. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery, and oral iron was prescribed as soon as gastrointestinal transit was reestablished. At the time the patient left the hospital, her hemoglobin level was 9.1 g/dl%. One month after discharge, at the first postoperative consultation, the patient had no complaints. Her hemoglobin level was 11 g/dl%, a value that had not been reached over the previous six years. She was advised to maintain oral iron replacement until normal iron deposits were restored.
DISCUSSION
Despite improvements in the development of surgical techniques and operating room facilities and an awareness of the importance of check counts at the end of an operation, the presence of foreign bodies within patients after surgery remains a problem.1 Laparotomic gauze is the most frequently retained foreign body (69% of cases)2 because of its common use, small size and amorphous structure.3–5 The true incidence rate of gossypiboma is unknown (likely due to legal involvement),6 but even underestimated, it has been reported to occur at a frequency of between 1 in 100 and 1 in 3000 procedures.4,7–9
As in this report, the majority of described cases occur after gynecological surgery (53%), 1,10 followed by cholecystectomy (28%).1 The risk factors for such an occurrence include not only the classification of emergency surgery but also high body mass index of the patient and intraoperative complications such as hemorrhage11 and personnel changes during the course of the operation.1 Our patient underwent a hysterectomy and right oophorectomy 16 years ago, followed by exeresis of a left ovarian cyst 3 years later. The second surgery was described as troublesome, with hemorrhaging and technical difficulties due to intestinal adhesions that were likely to be partially responsible for her later condition.
Because cotton sponges are inert, they do not undergo any specific biological changes. One of the body’s reactions to a foreign object is the development of a granuloma around the object composed of a cotton matrix. This is the consequence of an aseptic fibrinous response, creating adhesions and encapsulation of the object. In general, foreign objects may not produce any clinical symptom at all. In this case, diagnosis was made by an incidental finding on roentgen graph examination, as occurs in one third of patients.12,13 Another possible reaction to a foreign object is exudative, producing an inflammatory reaction with abscess formation, surrounded by omentum and nearby organs attempting to encapsulate the object. Because of the exerted pressure, the sponge erodes into the lumen of the bowel due to peristaltic movements.14,1,3 A retained surgical sponge can penetrate the intestine, urinary bladder, thorax or vagina.13,14 Intestinal penetration may occur in any part of the intestinal tract, although it is more frequent in the ileum or the colon.14 In our case, the sponge eroded both a distal jejunal loop and an ileal loop, creating and maintaining a natural anastomosis between these two small bowel segments. Symptoms may appear in the postoperative period or even after weeks, months or years. The interval between the probable causative operation and the diagnosis of the retained foreign body (gauze or sponge) may range up to 287 to 33 years.1 When symptoms occur early, they are similar to those of an intra-abdominal abscess due to peritonitis or systemic sepsis,2,10 hemoperitoneum secondary to a vessel lesion or an asymptomatic abdominal mass.2 When symptoms occur later, the majority of patients present abdominal pain, a painful abdominal mass10 or intestinal obstruction.2,10 Moreover, the patients may present anorexia, weakness and weight loss resulting from malabsorption syndrome.15,16 In the case described herein, the patient showed various clinical presentations listed in the literature. For the last six years, she had been treated for an iron deficiency anemia, after being treated for a gastric ulcer. Despite intravenous as well as oral iron replacement, her hemoglobin and iron deposits remained low, probably due to malabsorption and blood loss from continuous bleeding from the polyps and the inflammatory contact of the sponge with the bowel mucosa. During the recent years, the patient sought medical attention for intermittent abdominal pain, often interpreted as diverticulitis. Weight loss, esophageal moniliasis and a painful abdominal mass led to the imaging investigation and the exploratory laparotomy.
Diagnoses of retained surgical sponges can tipycally be made by a simple abdominal radiograph when radiopaque sponge markers are used. If no portion of the sponge is radiopaque, a retained sponge may be suspected by ultrasound or CT imaging. Ultrasound reveals a mass of mixed echogenicity with intense and sharply acoustic shadowing, sometimes hypoechoic or even cystic with irregular internal echoes. On CT, surgical sponges may be seen as well-circumscribed masses. The internal structure may have a whirl-like appearance due to gas trapped in the mesh of the sponge. This case showed such characteristic findings on CT and ultrasound examination.
Prognosis is excellent after surgical removal, but a mortality rate of 10% to 17.6% has been reported in association with delayed diagnosis and treatment.1
This unusual case is presented to highlight the importance of extreme caution in preventing such complications and to alert surgeons and clinicians to this problem for the purpose of diagnosis.