Assessments of the associations of thrombus localization with accompanying disorders, risk factors, D-dimer levels, and the red cell distribution width in pulmonary embolism

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A, The percentages of perfused small vessels (<30 μm) in sham-operated rats (SH), brain-dead non-treated rats (BD), and brain-dead rats under thoracic epidural blockade (BD-TEB) 180 min after the surgical procedures. The data are presented as the means±SEM; p ANOVA=0.002; *p<0.05 vs. the other groups. 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"apellidos" => "Aun" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Erasmo S" "apellidos" => "da Silva" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pedro" "apellidos" => "Puech-Leão" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nelson" "apellidos" => "de Luccia" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222013734?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000007000000006/v1_202212011416/S1807593222013734/v1_202212011416/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "CLINICAL SCIENCE" "titulo" => "Assessments of the associations of thrombus localization with accompanying disorders, risk factors, D-dimer levels, and the red cell distribution width in pulmonary embolism" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "441" "paginaFinal" => "445" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Aysel Sunnetcioglu, Bunyamin Sertogullarindan, Bulent Ozbay, Selvi Asker, Salemi Ekin" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Aysel" "apellidos" => "Sunnetcioglu" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "izciaysel@mynet.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bunyamin" "apellidos" => "Sertogullarindan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bulent" "apellidos" => "Ozbay" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Selvi" "apellidos" => "Asker" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Salemi" "apellidos" => "Ekin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary, Van/, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Muğla Sitki Koçman University Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary, Muğla/Turkey" "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Aysel Sunnetcioglu Corresponding author:" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 650 "Ancho" => 780 "Tamanyo" => 34576 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Receiver operating characteristic curve of red blood cell distribution width for predicting the presence of main pulmonary arteries thrombus in studied patients." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONPulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious cardiopulmonary disorder caused by the partial or complete obstruction of the pulmonary arterial bed by a thrombus formed in the systemic veins. PE is thought result from interactions between the patient and risk factors <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>. In cases of suspected PE, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings should be carefully studied. Because the clinical findings of PE are non-specific, objective diagnostic tests are required for its diagnosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is increasingly being used as the first investigation for suspected PE. The extent of a PE is commonly expressed by indicating the anatomical level of the most proximal vessel affected by a thrombus <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>. For a definitive diagnosis of suspected PE, the D-dimer level is one factor that should be determined. Plasma D-dimer measurement provides information about fibrin degradation fragments following fibrinolysis. D-dimer assays have low specificity but high sensitivity and negative predictive value in most patients with suspected thromboemboli <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>. The red cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative indicator of the variability in the size of red blood cells. This parameter, which can be easily obtained from a full blood count, is accepted as an indicator of ineffective red cell production <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>. Some studies have suggested that the RDW may be associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, including PE <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>.The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of thrombus localization with risk factors, accompanying disorders, D-dimer levels and the RDW in patients with PE.MATERIAL AND METHODSStudy designThe data from CTPA confirmed the presence of PE in 148 patients in the Clinic of Chest Diseases of the Medical School of Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey, between January 2012 and August 2014; these patients were retrospectively studied. The patients' accompanying disorders, risk factors, D-dimer dose administered on the same day as the CTPA exam and RDW were noted. Patients with a history of hospitalization for reasons other than surgery, such as pneumonia, sepsis, Brucellosis, and encephalitis, bedridden patients, such as those with hemiplegia, and patients who were immobilized long-term (>72 hours) after surgery were included in the immobilized group.Patients who received a diagnosis of PE without a CTPA exam and 6 patients whose hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL were not included in this study.Computed tomographic pulmonary angiographyThe thoracic CT scans were performed using a 16-detector multi-sectional CT scanner (Somatom Emotion 16-slice; CT2012E-Siemens AG, Berlin and München, Germany) with intravenously injected contrast agent while the patients held their breath. Contrast-enhanced images were obtained 50–70 sec after the IV administration of 120 ml of the ionic iodinated contrast agent iodixanol (Visipaque 320 mg/100 ml, Opakim) using a power injector at a rate of 2 ml/sec.The following parameters were used: 120–130 Kilovolt (kV), 80–120 (effective mA), 0.6 sec (rotation time), 16 mm×1.2 mm (acquisition), 1.2 mm (slice collimation), 5.0–3.0 (slice width), 0.80 (pitch factor), 5.0 mm (increment), and 512×512 (matrix).D-dimer testThe blood specimens from the patients were evaluated in the Clinical Haematology Laboratory. The D-dimer levels were measured via a latex-enhanced photometric method (Sta Compact, Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany) using D-dimer kits.Red blood cell distribution widthThe RDW was determined using whole blood specimens. The hematological analyses were performed using a Coulter LH 750 Complete Blood Count device (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA).The study was planned according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the rules of the Hospital Ethics Committee.Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics are presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical data and as means and standard deviations for numerical data. Comparisons between two independent groups were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests, and chi-square tests were used for non-normally distributed numerical and categorical variables. Pairwise Pearson correlations were utilized to estimate the linear relationships between the characteristics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to determine the optimum cutoff level for the association of RDW with a thrombus in the MPAs. All statistical calculations were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS, 2014). The results were considered to be statistically significant when the p-value was <0.05.RESULTSThis study included 148 patients with PE as confirmed by CTPA. Of these patients, 83 (56%) were female, and 65 (43.9%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 54±16.8 years, and the age range was 18 to 81 years. Immobilization (18.2%) and recent operation (14.1%) were the most frequently identified risk factors. The most frequent comorbidity was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The thrombi were localized to the right pulmonary artery (PA) in 56 (37.8%) patients, in the left PA in 26 (17.5%) patients, and in the bilateral PAs in 66 (44.5%) patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>). When the anatomical level of the most proximal vessel affected by a thrombus was assessed by CTPA, a thrombus was observed in the main PAs (MPAs) in 46 (31%) patients and in the lobar, segmental, and/or subsegmental arteries in 102 (68.9%) patients. Among the patients with a thrombus in the MPAs and those with a distal thrombus, 34% and 30% were over 65 years of age, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia>The percentage of thrombi in the MPAs was greater in immobilized patients (30% vs. 12%, p<0.05), and the percentage of thrombi in the lobar, segmental, and/or subsegmental arteries was higher in the patients with a history of recent operation (0.8% vs. 16.6%, p<0.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>).The mean D-dimer level was higher in the patients with thrombus in the MPAs (8.6±8.4) than in the patients with thrombus in the lobar, segmental, and/or subsegmental arteries (3.0±0.55) (p<0.05), and this level was higher in patients with bilateral thrombi than in patients with unilateral thrombi (p<0.05).The RDW was significantly different between the group with thrombi in the MPAs and the group with thrombi in smaller arterial branches (p<0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>). The RDW of patients with MPA thrombi was greater than that of patients with thrombi in the smaller arterial branches (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia>The mean RDW was higher in the cases with thrombus in the MPAs (17.3±2.09) than in those with thrombus in smaller arterial branches (14.9±2.07) (p<0.05) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>). ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72 with a 95% CI of 0.63–0.81. Thus, we identified an RDW cutoff value of 15.25% in the absence of MPA thrombi. This cutoff value displayed a sensitivity of 69.6% and a specificity of 62.7% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia>DISCUSSIONPE is often caused by the partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary arterial bed by a thrombus formed in the systemic veins. When anatomically evaluated, PE occurs as a large spectrum ranging from non-massive asymptomatic thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a> to massive thrombi that cause shock or cardiopulmonary arrest <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>.According to studies of the anatomical localizations of thrombi, thrombi are localized on the right, the left, and bilaterally in 36%, 18%, and 45% of cases, respectively <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>. Regarding the numbers of thrombi, 65% of cases exhibit multiple <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>. Şimşek et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a> reported that thrombi were localized to the PAs of both lungs in 70.7% of their cases and in the PA of a single lung in 29.3% of their cases; he majority of the unilateral thrombi were localized to the right lung (60.5%). In our study, the thrombi were localized to the right PA in 37.8% of the cases and in the bilateral PAs in 44.5% of the cases.Regarding the proximal localization of thrombi, in our study, the thrombus was localized in the MPAs in 46 (31%) and in the lobar, segmental, and/or subsegmental arteries in 102 (68.9%) of our patients. Gülcü et al. 19 examined 31 cases and confirmed via CTPA that the thrombi were localized to the MPAs in 30.8% of the patients. Şen et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a> detected an MPA-localized thrombus in 30% of their 172 cases. Perrier et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a> reported an MPA-localized thrombus in 32% of their series.According to The International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>, the prognostic factors related to PE are age over 70 years, malignancy, congestive heart failure, and chronic respiratory insufficiency. In our study, the most frequently encountered accompanying disorders were COPD (22.2%) and malignancy (10.1%).PE has been found to be associated with advanced age-related conditions that predispose patients to thrombosis, such as congestive heart failure, hip fractures, and stroke, increased coagulation potential, and limited mobility (23,24). In our study, 48 (32.4%) of the patients were 65 years old or older, but there was no association between age and thrombus localization (p>0.05). The mean age of the patients with a thrombus in the MPAs was higher, but this difference was not significant (p>0.05). Among the risk factors, long-term immobilization and recent operation were associated with markedly increased risk of PE. Regarding the risk factors for PE, Gülcü et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a> reported immobilization in 41.9% and recent surgery in 32.3% of their patients. In our study, we identified the risk factors of immobilization in 18.2% and recent surgery in 14.1% of our patients. A thrombus was more frequently localized to the MAPs in the immobile patients and was more frequently observed on the right side in the patients with a history of recent surgery. It has been reported that there is a strong association between the D-dimer levels and thrombus localization and that the D-dimer levels may differentiate patients with segmental and larger thrombi from those with subsegmental thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>. Another study reported that the serum D-dimer level is higher in patients with proximally localized thrombi than in patients with distally localized thrombi, but this difference was not significant <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>. Ghanima et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a> reported a significant association between the serum D-dimer level and the most proximal localization of the thrombus. In our study, we observed a significant correlation between thrombus localization and the serum D-dimer level. Furthermore, we determined that the mean D-dimer levels were higher in patients with MPA-localized thrombus than in patients with thrombus in other arterial branches.Some studies have suggested that RDW may be associated with cardiovascular <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and pulmonary diseases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>. Two studies have determined the RDW in patients with PE. Both of these studies found that a higher RDW, i.e., anisocytosis, is an independent predictor of early PE-related mortality <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib28">28</a>. Recently, RDW has been associated with venous thromboembolism in two case–control studies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>. In our study, we found that the RDW was higher among the PE patients and that there was a significant association between the RDW and thrombus localization. The mean RDW was significantly higher in the patients with an MPA-localized thrombus. Our findings suggest that the RDW may differentiate patients with MPA-localized thrombi from those with thrombi in other arterial branches in clinical settings.Our study contains some limitations. This was a retrospective study that was performed by screening the medical files of PE patients in our hospital computer system. The data for some patients were found to be insufficient, which caused us to study a limited number of patients. Another limiting factor was the selection of only CTPA-positive PE patients and the consequent exclusion of patients who were diagnosed with PE using methods other than CTPA.In conclusion, we found a thrombus localized to the MPAs in 31% of our PE patients. Furthermore, we determined that a proximal thrombus localization was significantly associated with immobilization, and the D-dimer levels, and the RDW.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSSunnetcioglu A conceived the study; participated in its design, coordination, drafting, and revision; collected the data; and performed the literature search. Sertogullarindan B supervised the study, collected and analyzed the data; participated in the drafting of the manuscript; and performed the literature search. Ozbay B, Asker S and Ekin S collected and analyzed the data." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582339" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec50" "titulo" => "D-dimer test" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec60" "titulo" => "Red blood cell distribution width" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec70" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec80" "titulo" => "RESULTS" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec90" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec100" "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-03-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582339" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pulmonary embolism" 1 => "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography" 2 => "Red cell distribution width" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "resumen" => "OBJECTIVE:Pulmonary embolisms occur as a wide spectrum ranging from clinically asymptomatic thrombi to massive thrombi that lead to cardiogenic shock. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of thrombus localization with risk factors, accompanying disorders, D-dimer levels and the red blood cell distribution width in patients with pulmonary embolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS:In 148 patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, the presence and anatomical localization of the thrombus were assessed via computed tomographic pulmonary angiography. The accompanying disorders, risk factors, serum D-dimer levels, and red blood cell distribution width of the patients were retrospectively evaluated. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02388841. RESULTS:The mean age of the patients was 54±16.0 years, and 48 patients were ≥65 years of age. The most frequent accompanying disorders were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (22%) and malignancy (10.1%), and the most frequent risk factors were recent operation (14.1%) and immobilization (18.2%). Thrombi were most frequently observed in the right pulmonary artery (37.8%). In 31% of the patients, the thrombus was localized to the main pulmonary arteries. Immobile patients exhibited a higher proportion of thrombi in the main pulmonary arteries than mobile patients. The mean D-dimer level and the mean red blood cell distribution width in the patients with thrombi in the main pulmonary arteries were higher than those in the patients with thrombi in more distal pulmonary arterial branches. CONCLUSION:Significant associations of proximally localized thrombi with immobilization, the D-dimer levels, and the red blood cell distribution width were observed." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs10" "titulo" => "OBJECTIVE:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs20" "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs30" "titulo" => "RESULTS:" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs40" "titulo" => "CONCLUSION:" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "No potential conflict of interest was reported." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 561 "Ancho" => 780 "Tamanyo" => 26326 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Box plot showing red blood cell distribution width in main pulmonary arteries and smaller arterial branches values." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 650 "Ancho" => 780 "Tamanyo" => 34576 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Receiver operating characteristic curve of red blood cell distribution width for predicting the presence of main pulmonary arteries thrombus in studied patients." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Abbreviations: COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RDW: red blood cell distribution width." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Right pulmonary arteries (n=56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Left pulmonary arteries (n=26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Bilateral pulmonary arteries (n=66) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">p-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Mean age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">50.9±18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">53.3±17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">56.561±15.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Female/male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">36/20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">15/11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">32/34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p<0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">Age over 65 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">13 (%23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">11 (%42) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">24 (%36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">10 (%17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8 (%30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">15 (%22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Malignancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">7 (%12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 (%0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6 (%0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p<0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Immobilization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">9 (%16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5 (%19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">13 (%19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">6 (%10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">2 (%0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">13 (%19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p<0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer levels \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">3.2±6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">4.2±5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">6.2±7.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">RDW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">15.5±3.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">15.5±2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">15.8242±2.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of the characteristics of pulmonary embolism patients according to thrombus localization." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl2" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Abbreviations: COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RDW: red blood cell distribution width." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col">Thrombus in main pulmonary arteries (n=46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col">Thrombus in lobar, segmental and subsegmental arteries (n=102) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">p-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Mean age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">56.7±16.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">52.5±17.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p >0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Female/male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">25/21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">58/44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p >0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Age over 65 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">16 (%34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">32 (%30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p >0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">COPD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8 (%17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">25 (%24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p >0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Malignancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5 (%10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">10 (%9.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p >0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Immobilization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">14 (%30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">13 (%12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p <0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">4 (%0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">17 (%16.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p <0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer levels \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">8.6±8.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">3.0±0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p <0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">RDW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">17.3±2.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="middle">14.9±2.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">p <0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of the characteristics of pulmonary embolism patients according to the localization of the thrombi in the most proximal level of the main pulmonary artery and other arterial branches as confirmed by computed tomographic pulmonary angiography." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients: a necropsy review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ R Alikhan \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ F Peters \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ R Wilmott \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ AT Cohen \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/jcp.2003.013581" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Pathol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "57" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1254" "paginaFinal" => "1257" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => 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Aysel SunnetciogluI,

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izciaysel@mynet.com

Aysel Sunnetcioglu Corresponding author:

, Bunyamin SertogullarindanI, Bulent OzbayII, Selvi AskerI, Salemi EkinI

I Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary, Van/, Turkey

II Muğla Sitki Koçman University Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary, Muğla/Turkey

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          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Receiver operating characteristic curve of red blood cell distribution width for predicting the presence of main pulmonary arteries thrombus in studied patients&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary embolism &#40;PE&#41; is a serious cardiopulmonary disorder caused by the partial or complete obstruction of the pulmonary arterial bed by a thrombus formed in the systemic veins&#46; PE is thought result from interactions between the patient and risk factors <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#46; In cases of suspected PE&#44; clinical&#44; laboratory&#44; and radiological findings should be carefully studied&#46; Because the clinical findings of PE are non-specific&#44; objective diagnostic tests are required for its diagnosis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>&#46; Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography &#40;CTPA&#41; is increasingly being used as the first investigation for suspected PE&#46; The extent of a PE is commonly expressed by indicating the anatomical level of the most proximal vessel affected by a thrombus <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>&#46; For a definitive diagnosis of suspected PE&#44; the D-dimer level is one factor that should be determined&#46; Plasma D-dimer measurement provides information about fibrin degradation fragments following fibrinolysis&#46; D-dimer assays have low specificity but high sensitivity and negative predictive value in most patients with suspected thromboemboli <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#46; The red cell distribution width &#40;RDW&#41; is a quantitative indicator of the variability in the size of red blood cells&#46; This parameter&#44; which can be easily obtained from a full blood count&#44; is accepted as an indicator of ineffective red cell production <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#46; Some studies have suggested that the RDW may be associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases&#44; including PE <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#46;</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of thrombus localization with risk factors&#44; accompanying disorders&#44; D-dimer levels and the RDW in patients with PE&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">MATERIAL AND METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">Study design</span><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data from CTPA confirmed the presence of PE in 148 patients in the Clinic of Chest Diseases of the Medical School of Y&#252;z&#252;nc&#252; Yil University&#44; Van&#44; Turkey&#44; between January 2012 and August 2014&#59; these patients were retrospectively studied&#46; The patients&#39; accompanying disorders&#44; risk factors&#44; D-dimer dose administered on the same day as the CTPA exam and RDW were noted&#46; Patients with a history of hospitalization for reasons other than surgery&#44; such as pneumonia&#44; sepsis&#44; Brucellosis&#44; and encephalitis&#44; bedridden patients&#44; such as those with hemiplegia&#44; and patients who were immobilized long-term &#40;&#62;72 hours&#41; after surgery were included in the immobilized group&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who received a diagnosis of PE without a CTPA exam and 6 patients whose hemoglobin levels below 11 g&#47;dL were not included in this study&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thoracic CT scans were performed using a 16-detector multi-sectional CT scanner &#40;Somatom Emotion 16-slice&#59; CT2012E-Siemens AG&#44; Berlin and M&#252;nchen&#44; Germany&#41; with intravenously injected contrast agent while the patients held their breath&#46; Contrast-enhanced images were obtained 50&#8211;70 sec after the IV administration of 120 ml of the ionic iodinated contrast agent iodixanol &#40;Visipaque 320 mg&#47;100 ml&#44; Opakim&#41; using a power injector at a rate of 2 ml&#47;sec&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following parameters were used&#58; 120&#8211;130 Kilovolt &#40;kV&#41;&#44; 80&#8211;120 &#40;effective mA&#41;&#44; 0&#46;6 sec &#40;rotation time&#41;&#44; 16 mm&#215;1&#46;2 mm &#40;acquisition&#41;&#44; 1&#46;2 mm &#40;slice collimation&#41;&#44; 5&#46;0&#8211;3&#46;0 &#40;slice width&#41;&#44; 0&#46;80 &#40;pitch factor&#41;&#44; 5&#46;0 mm &#40;increment&#41;&#44; and 512&#215;512 &#40;matrix&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">D-dimer test</span><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The blood specimens from the patients were evaluated in the Clinical Haematology Laboratory&#46; The D-dimer levels were measured via a latex-enhanced photometric method &#40;Sta Compact&#44; Dade Behring&#44; Marburg&#44; Germany&#41; using D-dimer kits&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">Red blood cell distribution width</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RDW was determined using whole blood specimens&#46; The hematological analyses were performed using a Coulter LH 750 Complete Blood Count device &#40;Beckman Coulter&#44; Fullerton&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was planned according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the rules of the Hospital Ethics Committee&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics are presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical data and as means and standard deviations for numerical data&#46; Comparisons between two independent groups were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests&#44; and chi-square tests were used for non-normally distributed numerical and categorical variables&#46; Pairwise Pearson correlations were utilized to estimate the linear relationships between the characteristics&#46; Receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve analysis was utilized to determine the optimum cutoff level for the association of RDW with a thrombus in the MPAs&#46; All statistical calculations were performed using SAS version 9&#46;3 &#40;SAS&#44; 2014&#41;&#46; The results were considered to be statistically significant when the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value was &#60;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">RESULTS</span><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study included 148 patients with PE as confirmed by CTPA&#46; Of these patients&#44; 83 &#40;56&#37;&#41; were female&#44; and 65 &#40;43&#46;9&#37;&#41; were male&#46; The mean age of the patients was 54&#177;16&#46;8 years&#44; and the age range was 18 to 81 years&#46; Immobilization &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41; and recent operation &#40;14&#46;1&#37;&#41; were the most frequently identified risk factors&#46; The most frequent comorbidity was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46; The thrombi were localized to the right pulmonary artery &#40;PA&#41; in 56 &#40;37&#46;8&#37;&#41; patients&#44; in the left PA in 26 &#40;17&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients&#44; and in the bilateral PAs in 66 &#40;44&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; When the anatomical level of the most proximal vessel affected by a thrombus was assessed by CTPA&#44; a thrombus was observed in the main PAs &#40;MPAs&#41; in 46 &#40;31&#37;&#41; patients and in the lobar&#44; segmental&#44; and&#47;or subsegmental arteries in 102 &#40;68&#46;9&#37;&#41; patients&#46; Among the patients with a thrombus in the MPAs and those with a distal thrombus&#44; 34&#37; and 30&#37; were over 65 years of age&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of thrombi in the MPAs was greater in immobilized patients &#40;30&#37; vs&#46; 12&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; and the percentage of thrombi in the lobar&#44; segmental&#44; and&#47;or subsegmental arteries was higher in the patients with a history of recent operation &#40;0&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 16&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean D-dimer level was higher in the patients with thrombus in the MPAs &#40;8&#46;6&#177;8&#46;4&#41; than in the patients with thrombus in the lobar&#44; segmental&#44; and&#47;or subsegmental arteries &#40;3&#46;0&#177;0&#46;55&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; and this level was higher in patients with bilateral thrombi than in patients with unilateral thrombi &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RDW was significantly different between the group with thrombi in the MPAs and the group with thrombi in smaller arterial branches &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The RDW of patients with MPA thrombi was greater than that of patients with thrombi in the smaller arterial branches &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean RDW was higher in the cases with thrombus in the MPAs &#40;17&#46;3&#177;2&#46;09&#41; than in those with thrombus in smaller arterial branches &#40;14&#46;9&#177;2&#46;07&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; of 0&#46;72 with a 95&#37; CI of 0&#46;63&#8211;0&#46;81&#46; Thus&#44; we identified an RDW cutoff value of 15&#46;25&#37; in the absence of MPA thrombi&#46; This cutoff value displayed a sensitivity of 69&#46;6&#37; and a specificity of 62&#46;7&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PE is often caused by the partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in the pulmonary arterial bed by a thrombus formed in the systemic veins&#46; When anatomically evaluated&#44; PE occurs as a large spectrum ranging from non-massive asymptomatic thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a> to massive thrombi that cause shock or cardiopulmonary arrest <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#46;</p><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to studies of the anatomical localizations of thrombi&#44; thrombi are localized on the right&#44; the left&#44; and bilaterally in 36&#37;&#44; 18&#37;&#44; and 45&#37; of cases&#44; respectively <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#46; Regarding the numbers of thrombi&#44; 65&#37; of cases exhibit multiple <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#46; &#350;im&#351;ek et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a> reported that thrombi were localized to the PAs of both lungs in 70&#46;7&#37; of their cases and in the PA of a single lung in 29&#46;3&#37; of their cases&#59; he majority of the unilateral thrombi were localized to the right lung &#40;60&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; In our study&#44; the thrombi were localized to the right PA in 37&#46;8&#37; of the cases and in the bilateral PAs in 44&#46;5&#37; of the cases&#46;</p><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the proximal localization of thrombi&#44; in our study&#44; the thrombus was localized in the MPAs in 46 &#40;31&#37;&#41; and in the lobar&#44; segmental&#44; and&#47;or subsegmental arteries in 102 &#40;68&#46;9&#37;&#41; of our patients&#46; G&#252;lc&#252; et al&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> examined 31 cases and confirmed via CTPA that the thrombi were localized to the MPAs in 30&#46;8&#37; of the patients&#46; &#350;en et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a> detected an MPA-localized thrombus in 30&#37; of their 172 cases&#46; Perrier et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a> reported an MPA-localized thrombus in 32&#37; of their series&#46;</p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to The International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>&#44; the prognostic factors related to PE are age over 70 years&#44; malignancy&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; and chronic respiratory insufficiency&#46; In our study&#44; the most frequently encountered accompanying disorders were COPD &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41; and malignancy &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PE has been found to be associated with advanced age-related conditions that predispose patients to thrombosis&#44; such as congestive heart failure&#44; hip fractures&#44; and stroke&#44; increased coagulation potential&#44; and limited mobility &#40;23&#44;24&#41;&#46; In our study&#44; 48 &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41; of the patients were 65 years old or older&#44; but there was no association between age and thrombus localization &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The mean age of the patients with a thrombus in the MPAs was higher&#44; but this difference was not significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Among the risk factors&#44; long-term immobilization and recent operation were associated with markedly increased risk of PE&#46; Regarding the risk factors for PE&#44; G&#252;lc&#252; et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a> reported immobilization in 41&#46;9&#37; and recent surgery in 32&#46;3&#37; of their patients&#46; In our study&#44; we identified the risk factors of immobilization in 18&#46;2&#37; and recent surgery in 14&#46;1&#37; of our patients&#46; A thrombus was more frequently localized to the MAPs in the immobile patients and was more frequently observed on the right side in the patients with a history of recent surgery&#46; It has been reported that there is a strong association between the D-dimer levels and thrombus localization and that the D-dimer levels may differentiate patients with segmental and larger thrombi from those with subsegmental thrombi <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>&#46; Another study reported that the serum D-dimer level is higher in patients with proximally localized thrombi than in patients with distally localized thrombi&#44; but this difference was not significant <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>&#46; Ghanima et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a> reported a significant association between the serum D-dimer level and the most proximal localization of the thrombus&#46; In our study&#44; we observed a significant correlation between thrombus localization and the serum D-dimer level&#46; Furthermore&#44; we determined that the mean D-dimer levels were higher in patients with MPA-localized thrombus than in patients with thrombus in other arterial branches&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies have suggested that RDW may be associated with cardiovascular <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and pulmonary diseases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#46; Two studies have determined the RDW in patients with PE&#46; Both of these studies found that a higher RDW&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; anisocytosis&#44; is an independent predictor of early PE-related mortality <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib28">28</a>&#46; Recently&#44; RDW has been associated with venous thromboembolism in two case&#8211;control studies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>&#46; In our study&#44; we found that the RDW was higher among the PE patients and that there was a significant association between the RDW and thrombus localization&#46; The mean RDW was significantly higher in the patients with an MPA-localized thrombus&#46; Our findings suggest that the RDW may differentiate patients with MPA-localized thrombi from those with thrombi in other arterial branches in clinical settings&#46;</p><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study contains some limitations&#46; This was a retrospective study that was performed by screening the medical files of PE patients in our hospital computer system&#46; The data for some patients were found to be insufficient&#44; which caused us to study a limited number of patients&#46; Another limiting factor was the selection of only CTPA-positive PE patients and the consequent exclusion of patients who were diagnosed with PE using methods other than CTPA&#46;</p><p id="para230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we found a thrombus localized to the MPAs in 31&#37; of our PE patients&#46; Furthermore&#44; we determined that a proximal thrombus localization was significantly associated with immobilization&#44; and the D-dimer levels&#44; and the RDW&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</span><p id="para240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sunnetcioglu A conceived the study&#59; participated in its design&#44; coordination&#44; drafting&#44; and revision&#59; collected the data&#59; and performed the literature search&#46; Sertogullarindan B supervised the study&#44; collected and analyzed the data&#59; participated in the drafting of the manuscript&#59; and performed the literature search&#46; Ozbay B&#44; Asker S and Ekin S collected and analyzed the data&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582339"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec10"
          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
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          "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec30"
              "titulo" => "Study design"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec40"
              "titulo" => "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec50"
              "titulo" => "D-dimer test"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec60"
              "titulo" => "Red blood cell distribution width"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec70"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec80"
          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec90"
          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec100"
          "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
        ]
        6 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-15"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-03-31"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582339"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Pulmonary embolism"
            1 => "Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography"
            2 => "Red cell distribution width"
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        ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVE&#58;</span><p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary embolisms occur as a wide spectrum ranging from clinically asymptomatic thrombi to massive thrombi that lead to cardiogenic shock&#46; The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of thrombus localization with risk factors&#44; accompanying disorders&#44; D-dimer levels and the red blood cell distribution width in patients with pulmonary embolism&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">MATERIAL AND METHODS&#58;</span><p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In 148 patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism&#44; the presence and anatomical localization of the thrombus were assessed via computed tomographic pulmonary angiography&#46; The accompanying disorders&#44; risk factors&#44; serum D-dimer levels&#44; and red blood cell distribution width of the patients were retrospectively evaluated&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">ClinicalTrials&#46;gov&#58;</span> NCT02388841&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS&#58;</span><p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of the patients was 54&#177;16&#46;0 years&#44; and 48 patients were &#8805;65 years of age&#46; The most frequent accompanying disorders were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;22&#37;&#41; and malignancy &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; and the most frequent risk factors were recent operation &#40;14&#46;1&#37;&#41; and immobilization &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Thrombi were most frequently observed in the right pulmonary artery &#40;37&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; In 31&#37; of the patients&#44; the thrombus was localized to the main pulmonary arteries&#46; Immobile patients exhibited a higher proportion of thrombi in the main pulmonary arteries than mobile patients&#46; The mean D-dimer level and the mean red blood cell distribution width in the patients with thrombi in the main pulmonary arteries were higher than those in the patients with thrombi in more distal pulmonary arterial branches&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSION&#58;</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significant associations of proximally localized thrombi with immobilization&#44; the D-dimer levels&#44; and the red blood cell distribution width were observed&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS&#58;"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs30"
            "titulo" => "RESULTS&#58;"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs40"
            "titulo" => "CONCLUSION&#58;"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Box plot showing red blood cell distribution width in main pulmonary arteries and smaller arterial branches values&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Receiver operating characteristic curve of red blood cell distribution width for predicting the presence of main pulmonary arteries thrombus in studied patients&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="tfn1" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Abbreviations&#58;</span> COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; RDW&#58; red blood cell distribution width&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Right pulmonary arteries &#40;n&#61;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Left pulmonary arteries &#40;n&#61;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">Bilateral pulmonary arteries &#40;n&#61;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Mean age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">50&#46;9&#177;18&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">53&#46;3&#177;17&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">56&#46;561&#177;15&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Female&#47;male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">36&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">15&#47;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">32&#47;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">Age over 65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">13 &#40;&#37;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">11 &#40;&#37;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">24 &#40;&#37;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">10 &#40;&#37;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8 &#40;&#37;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">15 &#40;&#37;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Malignancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">7 &#40;&#37;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2 &#40;&#37;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6 &#40;&#37;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;0&#46;05</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Immobilization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">9 &#40;&#37;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5 &#40;&#37;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">13 &#40;&#37;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">6 &#40;&#37;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">2 &#40;&#37;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">13 &#40;&#37;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer levels&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">3&#46;2&#177;6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">4&#46;2&#177;5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">6&#46;2&#177;7&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">RDW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">15&#46;5&#177;3&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">15&#46;5&#177;2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">15&#46;8242&#177;2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the characteristics of pulmonary embolism patients according to thrombus localization&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="tfn2" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Abbreviations&#58;</span> COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; RDW&#58; red blood cell distribution width&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col">Thrombus in main pulmonary arteries &#40;n&#61;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">56&#46;7&#177;16&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">52&#46;5&#177;17&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p &#62;</span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Female&#47;male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">25&#47;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">58&#47;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">16 &#40;&#37;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">32 &#40;&#37;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8 &#40;&#37;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5 &#40;&#37;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">10 &#40;&#37;9&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">14 &#40;&#37;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">4 &#40;&#37;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">17 &#40;&#37;16&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">D-dimer levels&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">8&#46;6&#177;8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">RDW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">17&#46;3&#177;2&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="middle">14&#46;9&#177;2&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the characteristics of pulmonary embolism patients according to the localization of the thrombi in the most proximal level of the main pulmonary artery and other arterial branches as confirmed by computed tomographic pulmonary angiography&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients&#58; a necropsy review"
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              R Alikhan \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
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                              """
                            2 => """
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                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              AT Cohen \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
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                        "numero" => "12"
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                      "doi" => "10.1136/jcp.2003.013581"
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                      "titulo" => "Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism a population-based study"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              JA Heit \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              WM O&#39;Fallon \n
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              TM Petterson \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                            3 => """
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                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
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                            5 => """
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                              A Torbicki \n
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                            1 => """
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                              """
                            2 => """
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                              """
                            3 => """
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                              N Gali&#232; \n
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                              P Pruszczyk \n
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                      "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Heart J"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "numero" => "18"
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                      "titulo" => "Pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism"
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                            0 => """
                              HK Nielsen \n
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Thromb Hemost"
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                        "volumen" => "17"
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                      "titulo" => "The association between the proximal extension of the clot and the severity of pulmonary embolism &#40;PE&#41;&#58; A proposal for a new radiological score for PE"
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                            0 => """
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                            0 => """
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                      "titulo" => "The automated complete blood cell count&#46; Use of the red blood cell volume distribution width and mean platelet volume in evaluating anemia and thrombocytopenia"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "1270"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4015277"
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Article information

ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English

DOI:10.6061/clinics/2015(06)10

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	4	0	4
2024 October	27	34	61
2024 September	34	13	47
2024 August	28	15	43
2024 July	37	19	56
2024 June	19	10	29
2024 May	36	11	47
2024 April	36	11	47
2024 March	41	11	52
2024 February	24	8	32
2024 January	14	9	23
2023 December	7	15	22
2023 November	12	20	32
2023 October	9	19	28
2023 September	10	11	21
2023 August	6	1	7
2023 July	7	10	17
2023 June	12	1	13
2023 May	26	1	27
2023 April	34	2	36
2023 March	33	2	35
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2022 December	19	3	22

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