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Inicio Radiología (English Edition) Neuroimmunological diseases in paediatric patients: New entities and update
Journal Information
Update in Radiology
Available online 17 March 2025
Neuroimmunological diseases in paediatric patients: New entities and update
Enfermedades neuroinmunológicas en la edad pediátrica: nuevas entidades y actualización
A. Aguado del Hoyo
Corresponding author
aaguadodelhoyo@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Sánchez Pérez, M. Vázquez López, L. Vara de Andrés, Á. Lancharro Zapata, Y. Ruiz Martín
Sección de Radiología Pediátrica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Most common paediatric neuroimmunological diseases.
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Abstract

Neuroimmunological diseases are a broad heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders in which damage to the central nervous system occurs as a result of immune system abnormalities that can be caused by various pathogenic mechanisms. This may be produced by the presence of autoantibodies, mediated by cells, triggered by infections and paraneoplastic processes, or have a genetic cause.

Radiologists should be familiar with these diseases and be able to perform a differential diagnosis, as early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with immunotherapy can modify the course of the disease in some cases.

This update has two objectives:

Review the most common entities within each group, including demyelinating diseases, autoimmune encephalitis, lupus erythematosus, Rasmussen's encephalitis, and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Describe key imaging features that aid in the differential diagnosis between different entities.

Keywords:
(MeSH)
Paediatrics
Diagnostic imaging
Neuroimmune disease
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the CNS
Autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the spine
Autoimmune encephalitis
Antibodies
Rasmussen encephalitis
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Resumen

Las enfermedades neuroinmunológicas son un grupo heterogéneo y amplio de trastornos inflamatorios, en los que se produce un daño del sistema nervioso central como consecuencia de alteraciones en el sistema inmune, que pueden ser causadas por diversos mecanismos patogénicos. Pueden ser producidas por la presencia de autoanticuerpos, mediadas por células, ser desencadenadas por infecciones y procesos paraneoplásicos o tener una causa genética.

Los radiólogos deben estar familiarizados con estas enfermedades y ser capaces de realizar un diagnóstico diferencial, ya que un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento adecuado con inmunoterapia pueden modificar el curso de la enfermedad en algunos casos.

Esta actualización tiene dos objetivos:

Revisar las entidades más frecuentes dentro de cada grupo incluyendo las enfermedades desmielinizantes, la encefalitis autoinmune, Lupus eritematoso, Encefalitis de Rasmussen y la Linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica.

Describir características de imagen clave que ayudan en el diagnóstico diferencial entre diferentes entidades.

Palabras clave:
(MeSH)
Pediátrica
Imagen diagnóstica
Enfermedad neuroinmune
Esclerosis múltiple
Enfermedades autoinmunes desmielinizantes del SNC
Enfermedades autoinmunes desmielinizantes de la médula
Encefalitis autoinmune
Anticuerpos
Encefalitis de Rasmussen
Linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica

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