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array:23 [ "pii" => "S2173510715000282" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2014.11.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-05-01" "aid" => "781" "copyright" => "SERAM" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2015;57:201-12" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1629 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 1308 "PDF" => 321 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0033833814002069" "issn" => "00338338" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2014.11.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-05-01" "aid" => "781" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2015;57:201-12" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2885 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 20 "HTML" => 1924 "PDF" => 941 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ACTUALIZACIÓN</span>" "titulo" => "Utilidad de la RM cardíaca en el pronóstico y seguimiento de la cardiopatía isquémica" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "201" "paginaFinal" => "212" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Usefulness of cardiac MRI in the prognosis and follow-up of ischemic heart disease" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figura 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1444 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 197473 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obstrucción microvascular en secuencias de a) y b) realce precoz y c) y d) realce tardío. Las imágenes de realce precoz, a) eje corto y b) dos cámaras muestran la obstrucción microvascular (OMV) como áreas hipointensas (flechas negras). La secuencia de realce tardío en c) el eje corto y d) dos cámaras del mismo paciente muestra la zona de infarto hiperintensa (asterisco) y en el interior, zonas hipointensas que marcan OMV. La OMV es más fácilmente detectable en la secuencia de realce precoz.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Hidalgo, G. Pons-Lladó" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Hidalgo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Pons-Lladó" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173510715000282" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2014.11.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510715000282?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833814002069?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00338338/0000005700000003/v2_201504220437/S0033833814002069/v2_201504220437/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173510715000270" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2014.11.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-05-01" "aid" => "775" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2015;57:213-24" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3268 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 2830 "PDF" => 438 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Cam-type deformities: Concepts, criteria, and multidetector CT features" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "213" "paginaFinal" => "224" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Deformidades tipo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cam</span>: conceptos, criterios y apariencia en TC multidetector" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 977 "Ancho" => 871 "Tamanyo" => 84090 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Basic modalities of cam type deformity. On the anterior–posterior plane, (A) focal prominence; (B) diffuse prominence with decrease of superior offset, and (C) superior offset loss, substituted by a convex profile (pistol grip deformity). On the axial plane, (D) focal prominence without offset loss; (E) offset loss without focal prominence (nearly flat contour, sometimes with a crest and medial depression), and (F) anterior convexity diffuse prominence, with epiphyseal retroversion.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.M. Mellado, N. Radi" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Mellado" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Radi" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833814002008" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2014.11.007" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833814002008?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510715000270?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000005700000003/v2_201504291245/S2173510715000270/v2_201504291245/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173510715000294" "issn" => "21735107" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rxeng.2014.12.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-05-01" "aid" => "782" "copyright" => "SERAM" "documento" => "article" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Radiologia. 2015;57:193-200" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2548 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 2100 "PDF" => 448 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Radiological assessment of placement of the hysteroscopically inserted Essure permanent birth control device" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "193" "paginaFinal" => "200" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Valoración radiológica del anticonceptivo permanente de inserción histeroscópica Essure" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 468 "Ancho" => 1950 "Tamanyo" => 163240 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Transabdominal uterine ultrasound. Hyperecogenic linear images (arrows) at both ends of the uterine cavity corresponding to two Essure devices in the utero-tubal junction. (B) CT with coronal reconstruction. The Essure (arrows) are structures with metal density at both ends of the uterine cavity. (C) Coronal T2-weighted FSE MRI. The signal void (arrow) characterizes the Essure in all sequences.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "R.M. Lorente Ramos, J. Azpeitia Armán, P. Aparicio Rodríguez-Miñón, F.J. Salazar Arquero, J.C. Albillos Merino" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Lorente Ramos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Azpeitia Armán" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Aparicio Rodríguez-Miñón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J." "apellidos" => "Salazar Arquero" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Albillos Merino" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0033833814002070" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rx.2014.12.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0033833814002070?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173510715000294?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735107/0000005700000003/v2_201504291245/S2173510715000294/v2_201504291245/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Radiology</span>" "titulo" => "Usefulness of cardiac MRI in the prognosis and follow-up of ischemic heart disease" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "201" "paginaFinal" => "212" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Hidalgo, G. Pons-Lladó" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Hidalgo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "alhidalgop@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Pons-Lladó" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Radiología Cardiotorácica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Imagen Cardíaca, Departamento de Cardiología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Utilidad de la RM cardíaca en el pronóstico y seguimiento de la cardiopatía isquémica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 497 "Ancho" => 1950 "Tamanyo" => 233767 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hidden myocardial necrosis. The electrocardiogram shows no signs of infarction in a female patient in whom the late-enhancement sequence shows an evident septal basal infarction.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ischemic heart disease still is the main cause of death in developed countries in spite of recent therapeutic and preventive improvements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Since it is so prevalent, it is very important to use the diagnostic means adequately, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has established itself as a fundamental modality, not only to diagnose but also to establish these patients’ diagnosis. CMR has the advantage of assessing in the same examination all the parameters that are important to make clinical decisions in patients with ischemic heart disease, such as global and segmental ventricular function, perfusion and myocardial ischemia and the amount of viable myocardial tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Unlike echocardiography, it does not present the limitations of the acoustic window. It has more spatial and temporal resolution than nuclear medicine modalities and better tissue characterization. In addition, it does not use ionizing radiation which is another advantage in respect of other imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or nuclear medicine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this paper, we will review the basic physiopathological concepts of ischemic heart disease and the data that support the use of CMR to establish the prognosis and follow-up of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic ischemic heart disease.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Physiopathologic bases of the ischemic heart disease</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowing the physiopathology of ischemic heart disease and the consequences that the absence of flow has on the cardiac muscle is essential to assess the prognosis of patients and the possibilities of success of the different therapeutic options. When a coronary artery narrows, the mechanisms of coronary self-regulation try to normalize the myocardial flow by reducing the resistance of the distal arterial bed to stenosis. In normal conditions, a stenosis must surpass 85–90% of the lumen diameter before the blood flow to the myocardium decreases significantly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> After a coronary occlusion, a series of myocardial changes, known as ischemic cascade, take place. These modifications can be reversible or irreversible. Among the reversible changes are contractile dysfunction (it occurs a few seconds after occlusion) and intracellular edema (20–30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Subsequently, irreversible changes occur both in the myocytes (30–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) and in the endothelial vascular cells (60–90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) ending up in cellular necrosis and apoptosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Ischemic damage progresses “in the form of a wave” from the subendocardium to the subepicardium in approximately 3–6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Transmural damage is directly proportional to the ischemic time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> There are multiple reasons why the endocardium is the most sensitive area to ischemia. Firstly, coronary circulation goes from the epicardium to the endocardium; therefore, because it is at the end of the trajectory, the endocardium is more susceptible to ischemia. In addition, the endocardium needs more oxygen than the epicardium, even in normal conditions, as it happens during the ventricular systole since when the intraventricular pressure increases the endocardial artery walls are compressed to the point that they might even collapse and decrease their capacity to vasodilate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> When a coronary obstruction persists in time, not only the areas that are the most sensitive to ischemia (more subendocardial) will necrotize, but also other more borderline mesocardial and epicardial áreas will suffer from its effects. Those limits of the necrosis area are also part of the myocardium threatened by the ischemia. All the myocardial territory whose perfusion depends on the damaged artery is referred to as myocardium at risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Restoring the epicardial artery flow to preserve most of the myocardium at risk is the basis of the current AMI therapeutic strategies. However, in spite of its beneficial effects, the process of cellular death can go on for the first few hours after reperfusion, which is known as myocardial reperfusion injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The main manifestation of this complex phenomenon is microvascular obstruction (MVO) where a complete lack of myocardial tissue perfusion occurs despite the coronary epicardial repermeabilization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When a coronary occlusion is treated and the flow is reestablished, it may happen that the myocardium recovers its contractility early or late its contractility. The transient state after the ischemia in which contractile function is diminished, even though there is no infarction, is referred to as myocardial stunning or stunned myocardium<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). It can take days or weeks to normalize though it can improve with the administration of inotropic agents.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, the term hibernating myocardium is used to describe the maintained state in which contractile function is reduced in an infraperfused but viable myocardium recovering completely after revascularization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Sequences of magnetic cardio-resonance for ischemic heart disease</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CMR can potentially assess everything involved in ischemic heart disease. The current technology – CT-coronariography is a better modality than CMR to identify coronary artery disease this is why in practice the CMR is used to assess the functional consequences of coronary artery disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The sequences of the MR coronariography need electrocardiographic and respiratory synchronization, and this is why the acquisition time is long; also in patients whose heart or respiratory rate is very irregular, it is a modality that just cannot be applied. Also the spatial resolution of MR is lower than that of the CT and it is a more operator-dependent modality. For all of the aforementioned except in selected cases, coronary examination should be performed through a CT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Myocardial contractility</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cine gradient echo sequence (SSFP or steady-state free precession) is an alternative to conventional echocardiography. It is reliable and reproducible to calculate volumes and ventricular function because it allows us to assess both global and segmental contractility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> Although it has lower spatial and temporal resolution, when it is not possible to perform this sequence, due to serious arrhythmias or incapacity for an adequate apnea, cine sequences in real time can be used. Due to its lower resolution, it is only possible to make a qualitative assessment of contractility, not a quantitative one.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The volumetric and functional analysis of the heart are performed by acquiring contiguous images (between 8 and 12) usually on a short axis. Through the outlining of the endocardium borders in diastole and systole and those of the epicardium in diastole we can obtain function parameters such as the telediastolic and telesystolic volumes, the ejection fraction, the stroke volume, the cardiac output of both ventricles and the left ventricle myocardial mass. The ejection fraction thus calculated is based on Simpson's method. Dilated, asymmetrical ventricles or those with altered segmental contractility do not affect the method's accuracy. Its foundation claims that the left ventricular volume equals the sum of the volumes of different contiguous discs perpendicular to the larger axis of the left ventricle. Since the method's main limitation is defining the endocardial borders, and because this is always better achieved with CMR than with echocardiography, the left ventricle ejection fraction is calculated more accurately through the CMR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myocardial ischemia is detected in CMR with pharmacological stress, which can be carried out with vasodilating drugs (adenosine or dipyridamole) and perfusion sequences, or with inotropic drugs (dobutamine) and cine sequences for the analysis of contractility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a> Cine sequences during the pharmacological stress allow us to assess both ischemia (with high doses of dobutamine) and feasibility (with low doses of dobutamine). The dobutamine administration protocol is similar to that of stress echocardiography. It begins with 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μ/kg/min and it is gradually increased to 10, 20, 30 and 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μ/kg/min every 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, until 85% of the maximum heart rate (220 – age) is reached. If it is not reached with the maximum dose of dobutamine, 0.5–1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of atropine is added. The cine images are acquired at rest and at each of the dobutamine levels and the images are studied immediately. Depending on the machines, 3 short-axis projections can be performed and then one or two long-axis projections can be added (2 and 4 chambers) both at rest and at each stage of infusion. There is ischemia in a myocardial segment when its contractility worsens with increasing doses of dobutamine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Myocardial perfusion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coronary circulation and myocardial perfusion have their physiopathological correlate with CMR. In basal conditions, myocardial perfusion does not alter until coronary stenosis reaches approximately 85–90%. Instead, during the stress, the myocardium distal to a coronary lesion ranging from 50 to 85% may suffer ischemia and a coronary lesion can be considered hemodynamically significant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sequences used to assess myocardial perfusion are the first-step sequences. They are T1-weighted gradient echo sequences, with a high temporal resolution acquired as gadolinium is being injected; in these sequences it is possible to see how the contrast is disseminating throughout the myocardial tissue. The perfusion studies are performed at rest and with pharmacological stress administering vasodilating drugs (the most frequently used are adenosine and dipyridamole). Dipyridamole is used in 0.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg doses in 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Adenosine is used in doses of 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/min for 3–6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min depending on the patient's response. Dipyridamole is an adenosine precursor that metabolizes in the liver; therefore, its vasodilating capacity may depend on each patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The injection of both dipyridamole and adenosine produces an extracellular increase of adenosine that dilates the arterioles and precapillaries (coronary resistance vessels) increasing the regional myocardial flow between 3 and 5 times. The increase is greater in healthy coronary vessels than in stenotic ones and it causes a phenomenon known as coronary steal. Due to the fact that adenosine has a much shorter half-life than dipyridamole (10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s as opposed to 30–40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min), it is necessary to use a continuous infusion pump and inject it as the images are being acquired (injection stops after the first-step perfusion is studied). With dipyridamole, the images are acquired after the injection has finished. The usual gadolinium dose is 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol/kg with a 3–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/s debit. The ischemic myocardium is hypointense and it follows a given coronary anatomical territory in respect of the normally perfused myocardium.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Myocardial edema</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fast spin-echo or FSE black blood T2-weighted sequences are used (double inversion-recovery, triple inversion-recovery, or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">short-tau inversion recovery</span> (STIR) in the ventricular short axis. The cellular membrane patency increases in the infarcted myocardium and the increase of the free extracellular water in these sequences is seen as a usually transmural hyperintensity following the coronary territory of the artery responsible. It is accepted that in AMIs the hyperintense territory in the T2-STIR sequences reflects the myocardium at risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Hyperintensity decreases with time in such a way that it can only be assessed in the acute–sub-acute phases (approximately 7–10 days).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In the last few years T2-mapping sequences have been introduced to assess myocardial edema quantitatively and not qualitatively like T2-STIR sequences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Late enhancement</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These are T1-weighted 2D/3D gradient echo sequences with a previous inversion-recovery pulse. They are performed 10–15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after injecting gadolinium. The previous inversion pulse is intended to cancel the signal of a healthy or normal myocardium. This inversion time must be adjusted individually for each patient and it is usually at 200–300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms. Modern machines often have a “look-locker” sequence to do tracking with different inversion times to select it. The time must be increased gradually as the time goes by during image acquisition due to the kinetics of gadolinium. In acute infarctions, cellular death and loss of cytoplasmic membrane integrity allows the gadolinium to penetrate the myocyte, which explains the late enhancement in the acute phase. In chronic infarction, the necrosis occurring after the infarction increases extracellular space due to the increase of extracellular collagen and the fact that gadolinium builds up in scar or fibrosis regions. The correlation between the size of the infarction detected through CMR and the anatomopathologic studies is excellent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The necrotic areas appear as hyperintense, subendocardial and more or less intramural areas based on the extension of the infarction. The myocardium saved through percutaneous revascularization can be determined by subtracting from the T2 sequence edema area the necrosis area of the late-enhancement sequence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Prognostic value of magnetic cardio-resonance in the acute myocardial infarction</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Peri-infarction areas and ventricular arrhythmias</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death are very important causes of morbidity and mortality in the post-infarction period. The peripheral area of an infarction is made up of viable myocardium areas intertwined with infarcted tissues or fibrosis areas that presuppose a substrate to develop reentry circuits and electric conductivity disorders that may develop ventricular tachycardias (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). It has been pointed out that these pre-infarction areas can be seen in the late-enhancement sequence as intermediate signal areas surrounding the necrotic area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In an electrophysiological study through CMR of 40 patients before implantation of pacemakers or implantable automatic defibrillators, the size of the pre-infarction area in the CMR predicted ventricular tachycardia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In another study, the size of the pre-infarction area in the CMR predicted any causes of cardiac mortality in the next 2.4 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several authors have also shown that the size of the pre-infarction area is better than classical factors (left ventricle ejection fraction, total size of the infarction) to predict ventricular tachyarrhythmia and the lesser response to electrophysiological therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30–32</span></a> Therefore, many authors accept today that assessing the characteristics and extension of the pre-infarction area can be a bloodless tool to establish the risk of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and the probability of success of electrophysiological therapies.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Infarction size</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CMR's capacity to quantify the infarction size in the late-enhancement sequence has been widely validated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Infarction size is a very powerful predictive factor for cardiac episodes during follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34,35</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Several studies have proved that it is even better than other classic prognostic factors such as the left ventricle ejection fraction, the ventricular tele-systolic and tele-diastolic volumes, or heart failure-related symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36–41</span></a> In a study with 103 patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) in whom an CMR was performed during the first 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and then 6 months after revascularization, who were also followed for an average of 2.4 years, late enhancement measured right after revascularization independently predicted the recovery of the left ventricle ejection fraction at 6 months as well as major cardiovascular episodes, even better than the initial left ventricle or other clinical parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> It is also important to assess not only the amount of necrosis but also the extent of the ischemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> The relationship between the infarction size and the extent of ischemia seen in the first-step sequence with adenosine infusion was significantly greater in STEACS patients with Q wave than in patients with non-Q STEACS or NSTE-ACS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Right ventricle infarction</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The right ventricle infarction is usually associated to a left ventricle inferior infarction due to the proximal right coronary artery occlusion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). The CMR has proved to be much more sensitive to detect small right ventricle infarctions than physical examinations, ECGs or echocardiograms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45,46</span></a> The literature is contradictory when it comes to establishing the prognostic value of this infarction. Whereas some authors believe that the right ventricle damage is a powerful predictor of major cardiovascular episodes during follow-up, even after the infarction size has been normalized in the left ventricle–which can have a significantly greater mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46,47</span></a>; others have not shown any short-term prognostic relations in the infarction of the right ventricle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48,49</span></a> In sum right ventricle AMI can be reliably detected through CMR yet the prognostic meaning of late enhancement in the right ventricle remains unclear.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Microvascular occlusion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In approximately 20–50% of AMI one microvascular occlusion (MVO) occurs in the infarcted myocardium despite the modern percutaneous revascularization techniques.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> The MVO can be detected through CMR using three different techniques: first-step perfusion, early enhancement and late enhancement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51,52</span></a> The early-enhancement technique consists of a late-enhancement sequence 1–2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the injection of gadolinium with a generally high inversion time (400–600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mseg) that does not cancel the normal myocardium. The MVO area is a hypointense area that clearly differentiates from both the normal and the infarcted myocardium. An early MVO can also be detected in the basal first-step sequence. The latter technique consists of performing a late-enhancement sequence 10–15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the injection of contrast. This late MVO is a hypointensity area within the infarcted myocardium hyperintense area, often extending from the subendocardium. There is no consensus yet whether the MVO should be assessed through early or late enhancement (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). The extent of early MVO correlates well with anatomopathologic findings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Several studies have proved that early MVO is useful to predict both the left ventricle function and the ventricular remodeling after one year, as well as the size of the infarction and transmural character.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53–55</span></a> However, it does not have a good correlation with TIMI (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrombolysis in myocardial infarction</span>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> angiographic parameters. Other authors have described a similar prognostic value for late MVO,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> and for some it is a better predictor than early MVO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> is a phenomenon that can accompany MVO is myocardial hemorrhage. In several experimental models it has been demonstrated that hemorrhage occurs within MVO areas and that its extent is proportional to the duration of the ischemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> On the other hand, it correlates with the size of the infarction and increases proportionally with the occlusion time prior to perfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> Myocardial hemorrhage can be detected through T2 and T2* sequences. In the T2 sequences it is identified as a hypointense area within the hyperintense edema area. Given MVO also presents this behavior, it is difficult to differentiate them; therefore so to diagnose myocardial hemorrhage we rather use T2* sequences which are also more sensitive due to the paramagnetic effect of hemoglobin degradation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58–62</span></a> The size of the hemorrhage is always smaller than that of the MVO and is identified in the T2* sequence as a hypointense area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56–58</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In sum early or late MVO in one AMI has a worse prognosis. Therefore, detecting it will make us consider more modern, strict medical treatments and a closer monitoring of patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59,60</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Prognostic utility of magnetic cardio-resonance in the chronic ischemic heart disease</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Inducible myocardial ischemia</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stress CMR with inotropic drugs such as dobutamine, or vasodilators such as adenosine or dipyridamole, are techniques used to diagnose myocardial ischemia. Myocardial stress is not only useful to detect coronary stenosis with functional repercussion, but also to establish its prognosis.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dobutamine stress CMR has been used to stage risk in patients with intermediate risk before non-cardiac surgical interventions. A positive CMR–dobutamine can independently predict infarction, death or heart failure during or after intervention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> In a study with dobutamine and adenosine stress CMR in patients with chest pain or dyspnea and suspicion of coronary artery disease, the survival free of cardiac episodes after 3 years was significantly greater in patients with normal CMR–dobutamine or CMR–adenosine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> In addition, a normal stress test predicted better the episodes that the cardiovascular risk factors or the segmental contractility defects. Other studies have proved the usefulness and prognostic value of CMR–dobutamine when it is not possible to perform stress echocardiography examinations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> Dobutamine-induced ischemia was significantly associated with a future myocardial infarction or heart-related death, irrespective of the existence of cardiovascular risk factors or significant coronary artery disease (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognostic value of CMR with vasodilating drugs has been proven in several studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>). In one of them with 218 patients with suspicion of coronary artery disease and negative CMR–adenosine, the rate of major cardiovascular episodes after 12 months was 2/218, without cases of death or infarction. The negative predictive value of CMR–adenosine was 99.1%. Therefore, a negative test can reduce the number of unnecessary invasive coronary angiographies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> In another paper with dipyridamole stress CMR with 420 patients with chest pain and known or suspected coronary artery disease, the rate of major cardiovascular episodes, after a 420-day-follow-up, was significantly greater in patients with induced perfusion defect. In addition, in the multivariant analysis, the extent of segmental contractility disorders induced during the dipyridamole infusion was independently associated with the rate of major cardiovascular episodes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> CMR with adenosine has also been useful to stage risk in patients with acute chest pain in the ER.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> In patients with a negative stress test, the free of episodes-survival rate after a year of follow-up was significantly greater if there was a perfusion defect in the CMR–adenosine. Therefore, in patients with suspicion of coronary artery disease or known coronary disease, the fact of not finding myocardial ischemia with CMR–dobutamine or vasodilating drugs is a sign of good prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two other factors also valuable to predict functional recovery are myocardial thickness and contractile reserve. Parietal telediastolic thickness of the left ventricle ≥5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and systolic thickness ≥1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the CMR are related with feasibility determined through SPECT or PET.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> Nevertheless we must remember that parietal thickness per se has high sensitivity (95%) but low specificity (41%) to establish unfeasibility. Contractile reserve is studied through CMR and low dobutamine doses (5–20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/min). One parietal thickening ≥2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm during the injection of dobutamine predicts the recovery of segmental contractility after revascularization way better than the preservation of the telediastolic myocardial thickness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Hidden myocardial necrosis</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Late-enhancement sequence shows excellent sensitivity and specificity to detect even very small myocardial scars.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> In addition, there are data indicating that late-enhancement CMR can identify misdiagnosed myocardial infarctions whose existence has important prognostic implications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a> In a study of a sample of patients over 70 years old, late-enhancement sequence detected nearly 20% of necrosis in patients without a history of prior infarctions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>). The prevalence of hidden myocardial necrosis seems to be greater among patients with high cardiovascular risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> In a study of 195 patients with suspicion of coronary artery disease but without a known history of AMI 44 showed late enhancement. Even with little late enhancement, the risk was high and the prognostic value of major cardiovascular episodes and cardiac death was greater than that of the conventional functional and angiographic predictors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a> Similar findings have been described in diabetic patients without a history of prior infarctions. Therefore, late enhancement in patients with suspicion of coronary artery disease can improve risk stratification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71–73</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CMR is an essential tool in patients with cardiovascular disease and it provides morphological (ventricular volumes, presence and extent of myocardial necrosis and microvascular occlusion) and functional parameters (global and segmental function, ischemia) in the same examination. All these factors have proved to predict not only survival but also the occurrence of future cardiovascular episodes.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors confirm that no experiments have been performed on human beings or animals.</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors confirm that there are no personal data from patients in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors confirm that in this report there are no personal data from patients.</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Authors</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manager of the integrity of the study: AH.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Original idea of the study: AH.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study design: AH.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data mining: AH and GPLl.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation: AH and GPLl.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis: N/A.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7.</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reference search: AH.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8.</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Writing: AH.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9.</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical review of the manuscript and intellectually relevant remarks: AH and GPLl.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10.</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approval of final version: AH and GPLl.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declared no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres490301" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec512374" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres490302" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec512375" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Physiopathologic bases of the ischemic heart disease" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Sequences of magnetic cardio-resonance for ischemic heart disease" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Myocardial contractility" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Myocardial perfusion" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Myocardial edema" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Late enhancement" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Prognostic value of magnetic cardio-resonance in the acute myocardial infarction" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Peri-infarction areas and ventricular arrhythmias" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Infarction size" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Right ventricle infarction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Microvascular occlusion" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Prognostic utility of magnetic cardio-resonance in the chronic ischemic heart disease" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Inducible myocardial ischemia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Hidden myocardial necrosis" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Protection of people and animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Data confidentiality" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Authors" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-03-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-11-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec512374" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Magnetic resonance imaging" 1 => "Prognosis" 2 => "Myocardial ischemia" 3 => "Myocardial infarction" 4 => "Heart" 5 => "Myocardium" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec512375" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resonancia magnética" 1 => "Pronóstico" 2 => "Isquemia miocárdica" 3 => "Infarto de miocardio" 4 => "Corazón" 5 => "Miocardio" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool that makes it possible to evaluate patients with cardiovascular disease; in addition to infarction and alterations in myocardial perfusion, cardiac MRI is useful for evaluating other phenomena such as microvascular obstruction and ischemia. The main prognostic factors in cardiac MRI are ventricular dysfunction, necrosis in late-enhancement sequences, and ischemia in stress sequences. In acute myocardial infarction, cardiac MRI can evaluate the peri-infarct zone and quantify the size of the infarct. Furthermore, cardiac MRI's ability to detect and evaluate microvascular obstruction makes it a fundamental tool for establishing the prognosis of ischemic heart disease. In patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, cardiac MRI can detect ischemia induced by pharmacological stress and can diagnose infarcts that can be missed on other techniques.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La resonancia magnética cardíaca (cardiorresonancia magnética –CRM–) es una importante herramienta que permite evaluar en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular no solo el infarto y las alteraciones en la perfusión miocárdica, sino también otros fenómenos como la obstrucción microvascular y la isquemia. Los principales factores pronósticos en la CRM son la disfunción ventricular, la necrosis en las secuencias de realce tardío y la isquemia en las secuencias de estrés. En el infarto agudo de miocardio, la CRM puede evaluar la zona periinfarto y cuantificar el tamaño del infarto. Además, la capacidad de la CRM para detectar y evaluar la obstrucción microvascular la convierte en una herramienta fundamental para establecer el pronóstico de la cardiopatía isquémica. En los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica, la CRM puede detectar isquemia inducible con estrés farmacológico y diagnosticar infartos que pueden pasar desapercibidos con otras técnicas.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Hidalgo A, Pons-Lladó G. Utilidad de la RM cardíaca en el pronóstico y seguimiento de la cardiopatía isquémica. Radiología. 2015;57:201–212.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1234 "Ancho" => 1750 "Tamanyo" => 225630 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determination of saved myocardium in an acute myocardial infarction. Patient with acute coronary syndrome due to a significant lesion in the proximal anterior descending artery. (A) T2-weighted (STIR) image. Extensive anterior and anterior–lateral hyperintense area (white arrows) outlining the myocardium at risk. (B) Late-enhancement sequence. Necrosis is not shown in this area and there is only a slight hyperintensity caused by the edema itself (black arrows). One old non-transmural necrosis is identified incidentally in the circumflex artery territory (arrow head).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 659 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 86560 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Myocardial infarction in the anterior descending artery territory. Late-enhancement sequence in 4 chambers (left) and short axis (right). Heterogeneous-looking infarction (black arrows) in a patient with several events of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1093 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 217398 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quantification of infarction size. In order to quantify infarction size, the gadolinium uptake area perimeter is outlined in each ventricular cut showing enhancement. The values obtained though this way and multiplied by the cut's thickness and the myocardial density (1.05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) are equivalent to the infarcted myocardial mass. Although in selected cases it is possible to use planes like that of four chambers (A), short-axis planes are generally used (B). Short-axis planes are generally used though in selected cases other planes can be used (in this case 4 chambers) for verification purposes. The total size of the necrosis area was 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g accounting for 25% of the total mass of the left ventricle.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 614 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 79060 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Right ventricle infarction. The short-axis, late-enhancement, four-chamber images show transmural enhancement in the inferior side and part of the left ventricle free wall (black arrows). We can also observe an inferior septal infarction and at the inferior side of the left ventricle (white arrows).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1444 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 214064 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Microvascular occlusion in sequences of (A) and (B) early enhancement and (C) and (D) late enhancement. The early-enhancement images, (A) short axis and (B) two chambers show the microvascular occlusion (MVO) as hypointense areas (black arrows). The late-enhancement sequence in (C) short axis and (D) two chambers of the same patient shows the hyperintense infarction area (asterisk) and in the inside hypointense areas signaling the MVO. The MVO is more easily detectable in the early-enhancement sequence.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 2285 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 429767 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Detection of ischemia though stress dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance. The systole image of the left ventricle with low-dose dobutamine (20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/min) is correct. With high-dose dobutamine (40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/min) hypokinesia is observed in the anterior, lateral mid-basal side and in all of the left ventricle apex (white arrows) in a female patient with significant lesion of the common trunk.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1671 "Ancho" => 2499 "Tamanyo" => 284187 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Detection of ischemia with CMR and adenosine. The first-step perfusion sequence during the adenosine infusion shows a perfusion defect in the inferior–lateral basal and middle segments (white arrows) in a patient with significant lesion in the circumflex artery.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 497 "Ancho" => 1950 "Tamanyo" => 233767 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hidden myocardial necrosis. 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