Original article
Assessment of TruviewPCD videolaryngoscope for intubation in children
Evaluación del videolaringoscopio TruviewPCD para la intubación de niños
C. Añez Simóna,b,
, L. Barbero Roldána,b, V. Serrano Gonzalvoa,b, C.M. Holgado Pascuala,b, V. Farre Nebota,b, M.I. de Molina-Fernándeza,c
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
b ANESTARRACO Grupo de investigación de Anestestesiología y Reanimación, Institut d’Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
c Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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This new improved version of the TruviewEVO2 includes a camera with a magnetic connection to a 5-in. colour monitor. The distal tip of the blade is bent at a 47° angle to improve laryngeal view. The system includes five disposable blades: sizes 3 and 4 for adults, and sizes 0, 1 and 2 for children. The blade also includes a port for oxygen insufflation that also prevents the lens from misting. Like most non-channel blades, a stylet must be used to bend the distal tip of the endotrachael tube at the angle required to position it between the vocal cords.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Intubation is similar to other video laryngoscopes, i.e., the tube is advanced from the left side of the mouth, almost on the midline, while visualising laryngeal structures on the screen. Once the epiglottis has been located, the blade is positioned in the vallecula and the epiglottis is raised until the glottis is clearly visible. The stylet is inserted into the endotracheal tube and advanced under direct vision until the distal tip is visible on the screen. Looking at the screen, the tube is rotated anti-clockwise to raise the tip and then advanced between the vocal cords.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few references in the literature on the use of the TruviewPCD in the intubation of paediatric patients, and some findings are even contradictory. The aim of this prospective observational study has been to evaluate the benefits of TruviewPCD in orotrachael intubation in children in routine clinical practice, and to provide information for future studies.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREC) of the Joan XXIII University Hospital in Tarragona, Spain. The parents of children scheduled for general or ear nose and throat surgery, or both, under general anaesthesia with orotrachael intubation were invited to take part in the study during their outpatient visit to the specialist. Parents signed an informed consent form during their preoperative consultation. A total of 87 consecutive ASA I to III patients aged between 0 and 16 years were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were ASA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III, presence of 2 or more difficult airway criteria, emergency surgery or risk of regurgitation or bronchoaspiration.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data, such as age, sex, weight, height, ASA class, type of surgery, size of blade and endotrachael tube used were recorded.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All intubations were performed by 4 anaesthesiologists experienced in the use of video laryngoscopy using a non-channel blade. Prior to the intervention, all 4 anaesthesiologists had undergone theoretical and practical training in the use of the TruviewPCD and Optishape stylets (Truphatek, Netanya, Israel) with neonate and paediatric mannequins. The Optishape stylet was used to intubate all study patients.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients received 0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg intranasal midazolam or 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg oral midazolam, up to a maximum dose of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, and EMILA local anaesthesia cream was applied to at least 2 puncture sites. In cooperative children, anaesthesia was induced with 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg propofol, 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg afentanyl, 0.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg rocuronium and 0.01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg atropine, at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist. In non-cooperative children, inhalation induction with 4% sevoflurane was used.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heart rate, non-invasive arterial pressure, oxygen saturation by pulse-oximetry (SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and end-tidal CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) were monitored.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The anaesthesiologist decided when to start intubation based on clinical signs of hypnosis and muscular relaxation. Intubation was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, except for oxygen insufflation, which was ruled out to prevent gastric distension, and the lens was kept clear using an anti-misting solution. Blade size was chosen according to the manufacturer's recommendations, together with an appropriately sized sylet. Up to two intubation attempts were permitted. If these failed, intubation was performed using a conventional Macintosh or Miller blade, at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were recorded: difficult airway management, time to optimal glottic visualisation, time needed for intubation (measured from the start of intubation to visualisation of the capnography curve on the monitor), the grade of glottic visualisation measured on the Cormack–Lehane scale, manoeuvres performed to achieve intubation, and the ease with which the glottis was visualised and the trachea intubated was rated on a 4-point Likert scale (very easy, easy, difficult, very difficult). Time variables were measured using the iPhone 4 stopwatch, which measures time up to 2 decimals, although only 1 was used.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anaesthesia maintenance was performed at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist. All patients were extubated in the operating room. Complications and comments made by the anaesthesiologist in the post-anaesthesia care unit prior to discharge of the patient were also recorded.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were analysed descriptively. Normally distributed numerical variables are expressed as mean plus standard deviation; non-normally distributed variables are expressed as median plus 25–75th percentile. Categorical variable are expressed as frequency or percentage. Sample size calculation was based on references in the literature for a mean intubation time of 23.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s with a standard deviation of 13.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s and a 95% confidence interval, 80% power, and a margin of error of ±3%, giving a required size of 83 patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In total, 87 patients and their parents were invited to take part in the study during the pre-anaesthesia consultation. One patient refused to take part, leaving a total of 86 patients. Of these, 3 were excluded due to a fault in the screen that required a change of monitor, and the patients could not be intubated using the TruviewPCD on the day scheduled for surgery. A total of 83 patients were ultimately included in the study.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic variables are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. All patients scored 1 or 2 on the Mallampati scale; in 1 case, neck extension was limited, 9 cases presented loose teeth, 4 had enlarged amygdalae, 1 presented an ogival palate, and 1 had been diagnosed with sleep apnoea syndrome.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients were correctly ventilated using a face mask. All were successfully intubated using TruviewPCD on either the first or second attempt: 74 were intubated on the first attempt, while 4 required 2 attempts.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On average, visualisation of the glottis was achieved within 10.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, with a standard deviation of 5.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s; average intubation time was 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, with a 25–75% interquartile range of 27.9–37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s. Anaesthetists rated video laryngoscopy very easy in 79 (95%) cases, easy in 3 (4%) cases, and difficult in 1 case. SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> remained above 92% in all study patients. Intubation parameters are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Anaesthetists rated intubation very easy in 70 (85%) cases, easy in 11 (13%) cases, and difficult in 2 cases. In 10 patients, manoeuvres (external laryngeal pressure in 8 cases, and head raising in 2 cases) were required to facilitate intubation, Anticlockwise rotation, being part of the intubation technique, was not considered a manoeuvre. We observed that the size 1 blade recommended by the manufacturer for children weighing between 4 and 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg was too small in 7 cases, while the size 2 blade recommended for children between 8 and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg was too large.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complications observed were 1 case of blood on the video laryngoscope, a small cut on the lip in 1 case, and dental avulsion in another.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is ample evidence in the literature to show that non-channel blades in adults provide better visualisation of the glottis; however, there are few reports on the use of non-channel blades in children. In a study involving novice paramedics, investigators compared TruviewPCD with the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope in 3 manikin-based airway scenarios: normal airway, chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and chest compression with cervical stabilisation. The authors concluded the TruviewPCD offers better intubation conditions than conventional laryngoscopy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In another study comparing TruviewPCD, C-MAC and Macintosh laryngoscopy in children, Truview provided the best laryngeal view, but intubation time was longer than in C-MAC and Macintosh.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A similar finding was reported in a study in paediatric patients with a body weight of less than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, namely, that TruviewPCD provided the best glottic visualisation, but time required for intubation was longer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, the time taken to obtain glottic visualisation, the view obtained and the intubation time were all within clinical limits. In a study comparing TruviewPCD, Glidescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope in a smaller sample (45 vs 83 children), albeit with similar characteristics, the authors reported similar results in terms of laryngeal view, although intubation time was longer than that observed in our study: 44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s [28–62] vs 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s [27.9–37]. Glottic view with TruviewPCD was similar to that obtained with conventional laryngoscopy, although intubation time was longer, and more than 1 attempt was needed in 6 of the 45 subjects (13%). In our study, the failure rate was lower, with a second attempt only being required in 4 out of 83 cases (7.7%). In the aforementioned article, the time to glottic visualisation was not recorded. The study was terminated because the authors considered TruviewPCD and Glidescope to be far inferior to conventional laryngoscopy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few reports on the use of video laryngoscopy in the management of paediatric airways. Nevertheless, the technique is included in the paediatric difficult airway management algorithm drawn up by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sociedad Catalana de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor</span> (SCARTD), where it forms part of the Plan B approach in the case of an unforeseen difficult airway, when face mask ventilation is possible, but not intubation using a Miller or Macintosh blade.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> There are few reports on the use of TruviewPCD in difficult airway management. Two cases have been published in which the technique was used successfully: one in a 7-month old infant with bilateral cleft palate, and another in an 8-day old premature infant with Goldenhar syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TruviewPCD can deliver supplemental oxygen during video laryngoscopy. The manufacturers recommend a flow of 1–2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L/min. Oxygen insufflation can improve oxygen saturation and may also increase apnoea time, above all in neonates. Nevertheless, oxygen insufflation should be approached with caution due to the risk of gastric distension and rupture. Gastric rupture has been reported in the context of oxygen insufflation through the working channel during fibre optic intubation. In these cases, a flow rate of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L or more was used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> For this reason, we decided against oxygen insufflation, and used an anti-misting liquid instead.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analysis of the comments made by participating anaesthesiologists showed that in 7 cases the size 1 blade was too small and the size 2 blade was too large, suggesting that an intermediate size blade would be a useful addition. In these cases, the procedure was performed on infants weighing between 11 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, in whom mouth opening was too limited for the size 2 blade, but the size 1 blade was not long enough to give a clear enough view of the glottis for intubation. Despite these obstacles, the patients were successfully intubated.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has some limitations, insofar as we did not perform a preliminary laryngoscopy that could have been compared with the TruviewPCD procedure. This, however, would have raised some ethical issues. Although this is a non-comparative observational study, the sample size is large compared with similar studies on the use of TruviewPCD, and the information obtained gives insight into the performance of video laryngoscopy in routine clinical practice.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on intubation time, ease of use and rate of complications, we can conclude that the TruviewPCD is a useful airway management tool in paediatric patients that do not meet difficult airway criteria. However, we believe that an intermediate blade size (between size 1 and 2) would make the laryngoscope suitable for a wider paediatric population.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with those of the World Health Organisation and the Helsinki Declaration.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols implemented in their place of work regarding the use of patient data in publications.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of all patients and/or subjects included in this manuscript. The informed consent forms can be obtained from the author for correspondence.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was carried out by ANESTARRACO, an independent research group attached to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili</span> (<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.iispv.cat/">www.iispv.cat</a>). The TruviewPCD used in the study was provided by Truphatek International Ltd. Netanya, Israel for the duration of the study. Neither the authors nor their institute have received an financial support.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres762602" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec764114" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres762603" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec764115" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-02-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec764114" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Paediatric anaesthesia" 1 => "Airway management" 2 => "Tracheal intubation" 3 => "Videolaryngoscope" 4 => "TruviewPCD" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec764115" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Anestesia pediátrica" 1 => "Manejo vía aérea" 2 => "Intubación traqueal" 3 => "Videolaringoscopio" 4 => "TruviewPCD" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this observational prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of TruviewPCD for tracheal intubation in clinical practice, and to provide data for future studies.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A study was conducted on 86 consecutive children undergoing ear, nose and throat (ENT) or paediatric procedures under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. Children with two or more difficult airway criteria were excluded. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eighty-three patients were successfully intubated with TruviewPCD. Demographic data: Age 4.9 (2.8) years, weight 19.5 (7.7)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg. Seventy-nine children needed one attempt and four required two attempts at intubation. Time for glottis view and tracheal intubation was 10.8 (5.6) and 30 [27.9–37]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, respectively. Eighty-one patients were classified as easy or very easy to intubate, and only two cases were considered difficult. No significant complications were registered.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TruviewPCD is a good device for paediatric airway management. It would be interesting to have an intermediate blade between size 1 and 2, as the difference between both is too wide.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio observacional y prospectivo fue evaluar la utilidad de TruviewPCD para la intubación pediátrica en la práctica clínica y generar datos para nuevos estudios.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y método</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incluimos 86 niños consecutivos intervenidos de cirugía otorrinolaringológica, pediátrica o ambas, bajo anestesia general con intubación orotraqueal. Los niños que presentaban 2 o más criterios de dificultad para el manejo de la vía aérea se excluyeron del estudio. Realizamos análisis estadístico descriptivo.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ochenta y tres pacientes se intubaron con TruviewPCD. Datos demográficos: edad 4,9 (2,8) años, peso 19,5 (7,7)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg. Setenta y nueve niños se intubaron en el primer intento y 4 en 2 intentos. El tiempo necesario para obtener la mejor visión glótica posible fue (media y desviación estándar) 10,8 (5,6)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg y el tiempo de intubación total (mediana y distancia intercuartil 25–75%) fue de 30 (27,9–37)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seg. La intubación fue catalogada como fácil o muy fácil en 81 pacientes. No se registró ninguna complicación importante.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que TruviewPCD es un buen dispositivo para el manejo de la vía pediátrica. Sería interesante disponer de un tamaño de pala intermedio, entre la 1 y la 2, ya que hay una diferencia considerable de tamaño entre ambas.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Añez Simón C, Barbero Roldán L, Serrano Gonzalvo V, Holgado Pascual CM, Farre Nebot V, de Molina-Fernández MI. Evaluación del videolaringoscopio TruviewPCD para la intubación de niños. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2016;63:572–576.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ENT: ears nose and throat.</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data shown as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation and percentage.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.9 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.5 (7.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">108.8 (18.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sex (male/female) (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72/28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ASA I/II/III (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">94/5/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Paediatric/ENT surgery/both (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76/23/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1259812.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sociodemographic characteristics of patients (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>83).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data shown as frequency (n), mean (standard deviation) or median (25–75th percentile).</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">C&L: Cormack and Lehane; ETT: endotracheal; tube mm ID: millimetres internal diameter; n: frequency.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Blade size (0/1/2), (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0/10/73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ATT size (4/4.5/5/5.5/6/6.5/7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm ID) (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3/17/41/18/1/1/1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intubation attempts (1/2), (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">79/4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Time to glottic visualisation (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.8 (5.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C&L glottic view (1/2/3/4), (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81/2/0/0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Intubation time (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (27.9–37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Need for additional manoeuvres (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1259813.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tracheal intubation parameters.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of new devices for indirect laryngoscopy in children younger than two years of age" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. 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Kim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/bja/aen234" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Brit J Anaesth" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "531" "paginaFinal" => "534" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689807" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of the TruView PCD video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope for pediatric tracheal intubation by novice paramedics: a randomized crossover simulation trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L. Szarpak" 1 => "L. Czyżewski" 2 => "A. Kurowski" 3 => "Z. 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