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Letter to the Director
Difficult airway management and neuromuscular blockade
Tratamiento de la vía aérea difícil y bloqueo neuromuscular
M.Á. Gómez-Ríos
Departmento de Anestesiología y Medicina Perioperatoria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña; Hospital HM Modelo, A Coruña, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We read the letter submitted by P&#233;rez Fern&#225;ndez-Escandon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in which they present a descriptive study to evaluate the influence of neuromuscular blockade &#40;NMB&#41; on difficult airway management&#46; We would like to add a series of comments that might be of interest&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NMB overrides the muscle tone of the upper airway and inhibits oropharyngeal reflexes&#46; In doing so&#44; it reduces the incidence of phenomena such as laryngospasm&#44; optimises chest wall distensibility&#44; and reduces the number of intubation attempts and complications by improving the conditions for intubation&#44; and for this reason it is widely used in airway management&#46; However&#44; there is no unanimous consensus regarding its use in a potentially difficult airway&#44; and its role in the progression to &#8220;cannot intubate&#44; cannot oxygenate&#8221; &#40;CICO&#41; status&#46; Therefore&#44; we need to consider the evidence currently available&#46; A recent systematic review evaluated the effect of using NMB vs&#46; not using NMB on intubation conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Avoiding NMB can increase the risk of difficult intubation &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P13&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00001&#41;&#44; difficult laryngoscopy &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;54&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0003&#41;&#44; and upper airway discomfort or injury &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;37&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> For this reason&#44; NMB is now becoming standard practice to facilitate face mask ventilation&#44; intubation&#44; or extraglottic device placement in unanticipated difficult airway&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> and is mandatory if front of neck access &#40;FONA&#41; is needed in a CICO situation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In this context&#44; rocuronium is a rapid-onset relaxant that can be immediately reversed with sugammadex&#46; The latter&#44; in a CICO situation&#44; is only useful when NMB is contributing or causing the airway obstruction&#44; which is infrequent&#46; It is important to bear in mind sugammadex does not reverse the effect of the other anaesthetic drugs used nor the mechanical obstruction of the airway&#46; It can also cause laryngospasm&#44; and if CICO persists it will be necessary to re-paralyse the patient with a non-aminosteroid NMB before progressing to emergency FONA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general terms&#44; the current recommendation is that NMB should only be avoided in the presence of an anticipated difficult airway&#44; where the technique of choice is awake intubation with awake patient&#44; and when neuromuscular relaxants are contraindicated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In any event&#44; it must be borne in mind that all recommendations must be personalised&#59; in other words&#44; each case must be judged individually based on the specific characteristics of each patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span>"
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