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Letter to the Director
New evidence on the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain
Nuevas evidencias sobre el manejo farmacológico del dolor neuropático
A. Alcántara Monteroa,
Corresponding author
a.alcantara.montero@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, C.I. Sánchez Carnererob
a Centro de Salud Manuel Encinas, Consultorio de Malpartida de Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
b Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cáceres, Hospital Universitario, Cáceres, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The French Society for the Study and Treatment of Pain and the French Society of Neurology recently published its recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain &#40;NP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We have found these recommendations interesting due to the methodology used and because they update the current clinical practice guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> To compile these recommendations&#44; the authors performed a systematic peer review of randomized clinical trials &#40;RCTs&#41; with oral drugs or topical pharmacological treatments published in journals indexed in PubMed&#47;MEDLINE and Embase from June 2013 to 18 January 2018&#46; For studies published from 1966 to June 2013&#44; they reviewed the most recent systematic review and meta-analysis on this topic&#44; which was published in 2015&#44; and used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment&#44; Development and Evaluation &#40;GRADE&#41; system to assess the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations&#44; as well as similar inclusion criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The types of NP included postherpetic neuralgia&#44; painful diabetic and non-diabetic polyneuropathy&#44; postamputation pain&#44; post-traumatic&#47;postoperative NP including plexus avulsion and complex regional pain syndrome type II&#44; post-stroke central pain&#44; pain from spinal cord injury&#44; and pain associated with multiple sclerosis&#46; Mixed nociceptive&#47;neuropathic pain &#40;e&#46;g&#46; NP from cancer and radiculopathy&#41; was included&#44; provided NP was analysed separately&#46; Conditions such as complex regional pain syndrome type I&#44; low back pain without radicular pain&#44; fibromyalgia&#44; and persistent idiopathic facial pain were not included&#44; because they do not meet the current definition of NP established the International Association for the Study of Pain &#40;IASP&#41; &#40;pain caused by injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system&#41;&#46; Trigeminal neuralgia was excluded because it generally reacts differently to pharmacological therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall quality of the studies was considered &#8220;very high&#8221; if no bias was observed&#44; &#8220;high&#8221; if there was only 1 or 2 biases&#44; &#8220;moderate&#8221; if there were 3 or 4 biases and &#8220;low to very low&#8221; if there were 5 or more biases&#46; The main sources of bias were&#58; a poorly designed randomization sequence&#44; lack of concealment of the randomization sequence&#44; lack of blinding&#44; considerable losses to follow-up&#44; absence of an intention-to-treat analysis&#44; trials stopped early for benefit&#44; and selective description of outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This classification differs slightly from that used in previous systematic reviews of treatments for NP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> in which &#8220;low&#8221; and &#8220;very low&#8221; quality trials were generally considered separately&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These recommendations are summarized in a therapeutic algorithm based on the treatments available in France &#40;which are similar to those in Spain&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The recommendation levels in the algorithm also took into account ease of use and long-term experience with the treatments&#44; but did not consider costs&#44; as these can vary from country to country and change over time&#46; For the same reasons&#44; the indications for the pharmacological treatments in NP proposed by the different regulatory agencies were not taken into account&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrary to current recommendations&#47;guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> we would like to highlight the main differences&#47;novelties of this update<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pregabalin is proposed as an alternative to gabapentin for second-line treatment&#46; In fact&#44; the most recent large-scale high-quality studies have shown that pregabalin is ineffective or only weakly effective relative to placebo at doses similar to those used in routine clinical practice &#40;generally 300&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#46; All of these studies&#44; including those with positive results&#44; had very small effect sizes&#46; A recent high-quality comparative study in chronic sciatica showed that gabapentin was significantly more effective and had fewer adverse effects than pregabalin&#46; This is also consistent with recent meta-analyses reporting a lower number needed to harm &#40;NNH&#41; for pregabalin &#40;13&#46;9&#41; than gabapentin &#40;25&#46;6&#41;&#46; Another high-quality study reported that pregabalin lacked efficacy in acute and chronic sciatica&#46; Finally&#44; the COMBO trial that compared the efficacy of pregabalin or duloxetine monotherapy with the combination of these 2 drugs in painful diabetic neuropathy also reported significantly lower efficacy for pregabalin &#40;300&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41; than for duloxetine &#40;60&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41; in the first phase of the trial&#46; Overall&#44; these data suggest that the efficacy and safety of pregabalin was overestimated in the initial studies&#46; Additionally&#44; recent evidence has shown increasing rates of gabapentinoid abuse&#44; and these rates appear to be higher for pregabalin than for gabapentin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Therefore&#44; we recommend careful monitoring of gabapentinoids&#46; Prescribers of these drugs should be aware of high-risk populations &#40;that is&#44; younger patients&#44; patients with a history of substance abuse&#44; particularly opioids&#44; and psychiatric comorbidities&#41;&#44; and monitor for signs of abuse as they do with opioids&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on new high-quality studies that reported positive results for botulinum toxin type A and topical lidocaine&#44; with a good efficacy&#47;safety ratio for both treatments&#44; in this latest review the GRADE level of recommendation for topical lidocaine and Botulinum toxin type A has increased&#44; and these are now recommended as first and second line treatments&#44; respectively&#44; for localized peripheral NP&#46; It should be noted that in France&#44; unlike Spain&#44; 8&#37; capsaicin patches are available in a limited number of pain units&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to recent high-quality studies&#44; combinations of tricyclic antidepressants with opioids or with gabapentinoids are superior to monotherapy with these agents&#44; so the authors recommend combinations of antidepressants and gabapentinoids as second-line treatment if insufficient pain relief is achieved with monotherapy&#46; This recommendation extends to the combination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants with pregabalin&#44; based on a large-scale&#44; high-quality trial that provided positive results&#46; Again&#44; another high-quality study demonstrated the importance of combining gabapentin with morphine for the treatment of NP&#44; although this combination is recommended as a third-line treatment&#44; in the absence of adequate alternatives&#44; and with the lowest possible doses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; we consider that periodic updates of the clinical guidelines for NP are necessary to improve our daily clinical practice and rationalize the use of all available therapeutic options&#46; We hope these new recommendations will help improve these goals in the years to come&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 23411929
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos