metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española (English Edition) Is the Involvement of the Hepatic Artery Lymph Node a Poor Prognostic Factor in ...
Información de la revista
Vol. 98. Núm. 4.
Páginas 204-211 (abril 2020)
Visitas
2151
Vol. 98. Núm. 4.
Páginas 204-211 (abril 2020)
Original article
Acceso a texto completo
Is the Involvement of the Hepatic Artery Lymph Node a Poor Prognostic Factor in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma?
¿Es realmente la afectación del ganglio de la arteria hepática un factor de mal pronóstico en el adenocarcinoma de páncreas?
Visitas
2151
Victor Rodriguesa, Cristina Dopazoa,
Autor para correspondencia
cdopazo@vhebron.net

Corresponding author.
, Elizabeth Pandoa, Laia Blancoa, Mireia Caralta, Concepción Gómez-Gavaraa, Itxarone Bilbaoa, María Teresa Salcedob, Joaquim Balsellsa, Ramon Charcoa
a Departamento de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplantes, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Figuras (3)
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Tablas (3)
Table 1. Patient Characteristics.
Table 2. Histological Tumor Characteristics.
Table 3. Analysis of Risk Factors for Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS).
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Abstract
Introduction

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of hepatic artery lymph node (HALN) involvement on the survival of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA).

Methods

A single-center retrospective study analyzing patients who underwent PD for PA. Patients were included if, during PD, the HALN was submitted for pathologic evaluation. Patients were stratified by node status: PPLN− (peripancreatic lymph node)/HALN−, PPLN+/HALN− and PPLN+/HALN+. Survival analysis was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox regression was used for risk factors analyses.

Results

Out of the 118 patients who underwent PD for PA, HALN status was analyzed in 64 patients. The median follow-up was 20months (r: 1–159months). HALN and PPLN were negative in 12patients (PPLN−/HALN−, 19%), PPLN was positive and HALN negative in 40patients (PPLN+/HALN−, 62%), PPLN and HALN were positive in 12 patients (PPLN+/HALN+, 19%) and PPLN was negative and HALN positive in 0 patients (PPLN−/HALN+, 0%). The overall 1, 3 and 5-year survival rates were statistically better in the PPLN−/HALN− group (82%, 72%, 54%) than in the PPLN+/HALN− group (68%, 29%, 21%) and the PPLN+/HALN+ group (72%, 9%, 9%, respectively) (P=.001 vs P=.007). The 1, 3 and 5-year probabilities of cumulative recurrence were also statistically better in the PPLN−/HALN− group (18%, 46%, 55%) than in the PPLN+/HALN− group (57%, 80%, 89%) and the PPLN+/HALN+ group (46%, 91%, 100%, respectively) (P=.006 vs P=.021). In the multivariate model, the main risk factor for overall survival and recurrence was lymphatic invasion, regardless of HALN status.

Conclusions

In pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with lymph node disease, survival after PD is comparable regardless of HALN status.

Keywords:
Hepatic artery lymph node
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Survival
Resumen
Introducción

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el impacto de la afectación del ganglio de la arteria hepática (GAH) en la supervivencia de los pacientes intervenidos de duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (DPC) por adenocarcinoma (ADK) de cabeza de páncreas.

Métodos

Estudio retrospectivo unicéntrico de pacientes intervenidos de DPC por ADK de cabeza de páncreas, con estudio anatomopatológico independiente del GAH. Los pacientes se agruparon en: 1)pacientes sin afectación del GAH ni ganglios peripancreáticos (GGP) (GPP−/GAH−); 2)pacientes con afectación ganglionar peripancreática (GPP+/GAH−), y 3)pacientes con afectación ganglionar peripancreática y de la arteria hepática (GGP+/GAH+). Para el análisis de supervivencia se utilizaron las curvas Kaplan-Meier. Los factores pronósticos de supervivencia global (SG) y libre de enfermedad (SLE) fueron identificados mediante el análisis de regresión de Cox.

Resultados

Entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2014 se intervinieron 118 pacientes, y el GAH fue analizado en 64 de ellos. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 20meses (r: 1-159meses). La distribución por grupos fue la siguiente: GPP−/GAH− en 12 (19%), GPP+/GAH− en 40 (62%), GGP+/GAH+ en 12 (19%) y CGP-/CGH+ en 0 (0%), La SG a 1, 3 y 5años fue estadísticamente mejor en el grupo GPP−/GAH− (82, 72 y 54%) comparado con GPP+/GAH− (68, 29 y 21%) y GGP+/GAH+ (72, 9 y 9%) (p=0,001 vs p=0,007). La probabilidad acumulada de recidiva a 1, 3 y 5años fue estadísticamente inferior en el grupo GPP−/GAH− (18, 46 y 55%) comparado con el grupo GPP+/GAH− (57, 80 y 89%) y grupo GGP+/GAH+ (46, 91 y 100%) (p=0,006 vs p=0,021). En el análisis multivariante el principal factor de riesgo tanto de SG como de SLE fue la invasión linfática independientemente del estado del GAH.

Conclusiones

Nuestros resultados sugieren que la afectación adenopática impacta en la supervivencia del ADK de páncreas sin poder identificar la afectación del GAH como marcador pronóstico.

Palabras clave:
Ganglio de la arteria hepática
Adenocarcinoma de páncreas
Duodenopancreatectomía
Supervivencia
Texto completo
Introduction

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer death in industrialized countries. According to GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, pancreatic cancer has been ranked as the eleventh most common cancer in the world, with 458918 new cases per year and 432242 deaths. Spain has an estimated 7279 deaths, with an incidence of 7765 cases in 2018.1 Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment,2 but only 20% of patients are candidates for this treatment, with a 5-year survival rate that does not exceed 30%.3

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a complex operation that has an associated mortality rate of 2.1%–10.3%4 and a morbidity rate of 65%–69%.5 This high morbidity and mortality could be avoided in those patients in whom surgery would not benefit survival, if they could be identified preoperatively. Various prognostic factors have been described in pancreatic cancer, such as tumor size, histopathological grade, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, involvement of the resection margins, and lymph node involvement,6 the latter being one of the main factors for a poor prognosis in patients treated surgically with curative intent.7 The common hepatic artery lymph node (HALN) (Level 8a of the Japanese Pancreas Society classification system8) could be an interesting prognostic marker due to its easy access, avoidance of major surgery and the possibility of identifying patients who would not benefit from PD but from palliative treatment instead. Several studies have evaluated the prognostic value of HALN metastases with conflicting results. Some reported that HALN involvement correlated with a significant decrease in survival,9–12 describing a prognosis similar to that of patients with liver metastases or peritoneal disease.13 Meanwhile, other authors indicated that there were no differences in survival between patients with HALN involvement compared to those with lymph node involvement at any other level.14

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of metastatic involvement of the common HALN (Level 8a of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery [ISGPS]) on the survival of patients operated on for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) of the head of the pancreas.

Methods

This is an observational, retrospective, single-center study of patients who underwent PD for PA of the head of the pancreas with curative intent at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2014, with follow-up until November 2018. HALN and peripancreatic lymph nodes (PPLN) were identified and analyzed histologically separately.

This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration on ethical principles for medical research and approved by our hospital's Ethics Committee.

Staging Study

The preoperative evaluation of patients involved a detailed medical history and physical examination, Ca 19.9 levels and thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scan for diagnosis and staging. In cases in which the diagnosis was done by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, the extension study was completed with a thoracic CT scan. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic ultrasound with or without biopsy of the tumor were performed selectively in cases with uncertain diagnoses.

Patients were classified in accordance with criteria published by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN 2012)15 into resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable tumors. Resectable tumors were defined as lesions of the head of the pancreas with no contact or less than 180° with no irregularity of the mesenteric-portal axis contour or arterial contact. The presence of lymphadenopathy in the region (hepatic hilum or peripancreatic) was not a criterion for unresectability.

Surgical Technique and Pathological Study

A pylorus-preserving PD was performed, as previously described,5 with duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy and Wirsung duct stent, hepaticojejunostomy with no stent, and antecolic gastrojejunostomy using a single loop. If there was suspected vascular invasion of the portal vein, the affected segment was removed and vascular reconstruction was subsequently performed. We carried out a standard lymphadenectomy8 of the head of the pancreas and periduodenal region with dissection of the hepatic pedicle, common hepatic artery, and excision of the retroportal pancreatic lamina and lymph tissue located to the right of the superior mesenteric artery without extended lymphadenectomy, described by other authors.16,17

Regarding the pathology study, the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)18 pTNM classification was used, and the surgical resection margin analysis was based on the study by the Royal College of Pathologists.19,20 The HALN was identified during the dissection of the common hepatic artery and sent for histological analysis separately from the PPLN, extracted together with the excision of the surgical specimen.21

Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Follow-Up

No patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Initially and according to the protocol of the hospital, patients with risk factors for recurrence (metastatic lymph node involvement, perineural or microvascular invasion) were treated with adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy on an individual basis until 2008. However, patients of the present study were treated with gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy depending on the general condition, comorbidities and age of the patient. Initially, within a clinical trial22 they received radiotherapy associated with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, and later gemcitabine without radiotherapy23 plus oxaliplatin or capecitabine according to the patient's clinical tolerance.

Follow-up studies included thoracoabdominal CT scan and Ca 19.9 every 4 months during the first two years, then every 6 months. Suspicion of recurrence by radiological imaging or elevation of tumor markers was confirmed by PET-scan.

Study Groups

For the purpose of this study, the patients were divided into four groups (Fig. 1) according to the presence of metastasis in the HALN or PPLN. These four groups were: patients without lymph node involvement (PPLN−/HALN−), patients with peripancreatic lymph node involvement and negative HALN (PPLN+/HALN−), patients with hepatic artery and peripancreatic lymph node involvement (PPLN+/HALN+), and patients without peripancreatic involvement but positive HALN (PPLN−/HALN+). Data was collected for different variables, including patient characteristics, pathological characteristics of the tumor, postoperative morbidity according to the Clavien-Dindo classification criteria,24 postoperative mortality and survival.

Fig. 1.

Outline of the study.

(0.1MB).
Survival

Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of surgery to the date of the last follow-up visit or death, and disease-free survival (DFS), from the date of surgery to the date of the first recurrence excluding postoperative mortality, which was defined as that which occurred during admission or during the first 30 days after surgery.

Statistical Analysis

A descriptive analysis was performed; the categorical variables are presented in total number and percentage, and the quantitative variables in medians and range. For the comparison of groups (PPLN−/HALN− vs. PPLN+/HALN− vs. PPLN−/HALN+), the Kruskal Wallis test was used in the case of continuous variables and the chi-squared test with Fisher's correction for qualitative variables. For the analysis of OS and the cumulative probability of recurrence (inverse logarithm of DFS), the Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test were used as well as the Cox regression analysis to study the risk factors for OS and DFS. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® Statistics Version 22.

ResultsPatient Characteristics and Postoperative Follow-Up

During the study period, 118 patients underwent PD for PA at our hospital, 64 of which were included in the study in which the common HALN and the PPLN were identified intraoperatively and sent for histological analysis separately. The characteristics of the patients are reflected in Table 1. The median follow-up of the present series was 20 months (r: 1–159 months).

Table 1.

Patient Characteristics.

Variables  Total, n=64 (100%)  PPLN−/HALN−, n=12 (19%)  PPLN+/HALN−, n=40 (62%)  PPLN+/HALN+, n=12 (19%)  P 
Age in years, median (IQR)  67 (60–72)  65 (61–69)  69 (62–74)  56 (51–67)  .044 
Sex – male, n (%)  35 (55%)  7 (58%)  22 (55%)  6 (50%)  .917 
ASA, n (%).233
7 (11%)  −  4 (11%)  3 (25%) 
26 (42%)  8 (67%)  15 (40%)  3 (25%) 
26 (42%)  3 (25%)  18 (46%)  5 (42%) 
3 (5%)  1 (8%)  1 (3%)  1 (8%) 
Pre-op Ca 19.9(ng/mL), median (IQR)  139 (16–724)  18 (16–223)  147 (15–4.234)  168 (52–918)  .488 
Radiology testing, n (%)
Thoracoabdominal CT  50 (78%)  9 (75%)  31 (78%)  10 (83%)  .914 
Pancreatic MRI  48 (75%)  8 (67%)  31 (78%)  9 (75%)  .874 
Endoscopic ultrasound with biopsy  13 (20%)  1 (8%)  9 (22%)  3 (25%)  .131 
Total bilirubin (md/dL), median (IQR)  16 (6–23)  2 (1–12)  22 (12–25)  13 (4–12)  .069 
Pre-op biliary drainage, n (%)  24 (38%)  4 (33%)  16 (40%)  4 (33%)  .837 
Vascular resection, n (%)  8 (12%)  −  4 (10%)  4 (33%)  .034 
Morbidity, n (%)
Pancreatic fistula  12 (19%)  3 (25%)  9 (24%)  −  .167 
Intra-abdominal collection  3 (5%)  −  2 (5%)  1 (8%)  .399 
Delayed gastric emptying  3 (5%)  1 (8%)  2 (5%)  −  .624 
Gastrointestinal bleeding  3 (5%)  −  3 (8%)  −  .370 
Hemoperitoneum  2 (3%)  −  2 (5%)  −  .521 
Intestinal ischemia  1 (2%)  −  1 (3%)  −  .725 
Paralytic ileus  1 (2%)  1 (8%)  −  −  .485 
Wound infection  3 (5%)  2 (16%)  −  1 (8%)  .858 
Medical complications  4 (6%)  −  3 (8%)  1 (8%)  .220 
Re-operation, n (%)
Intra-abdominal collection drainage  3 (5%)  −  3 (8%)  −  .389 
Adjuvant treatment, n (%)  54 (84%)  12 (100%)  33 (82%)  9 (75%)  .209 

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology; HALN: hepatic artery lymph nodes; PPLN: peripancreatic lymph nodes; IQR: interquartile range

Regarding the study groups, both PPLN and HALN were negative in 12 patients (PPLN−/HALN−, 19%), PPLN were positive with negative HALN in 40 patients (PPLN+/HALN−, 62%) and both PPLN and HALN were positive in 12 patients (PPLN+/HALN+, 19%). No patient in our series had negative PPLN with positive HALN (PPLN−/HALN+, 0%). The mean number of resected lymph nodes in the entire series was 13 lymph nodes (r: 5–24). However, in two patients in the PPLN+/HALN− group and in the PPLN+/HALN+ group, the total number of resected lymph nodes was 5, with two and three involved lymph nodes, respectively, including the HALN in the last group, without affecting the final tumor staging.

Postoperative morbidity was recorded in 32 patients (50%). Table 1 analyzes each of the postoperative complications by groups. The overall postoperative mortality was 3% (n=2), both in the PPLN+/HALN− group, due to intestinal ischemia and pulmonary thromboembolism, respectively. So, according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, 53% were grade I complications, 16% grade II, 16% grade IIIa, 9% grade IIIb with the need for reoperation to drain intra-abdominal collections secondary to pancreatic fistula, and 6% grade V, corresponding to the two cases previously described.

Table 2 describes the histopathological characteristics of the tumors.

Table 2.

Histological Tumor Characteristics.

Variables  Total, n=64 (100%)  PPLN−/HALN−, n=12 (19%)  PPLN+/HALN−, n=40 (62%)  PPLN+/HALN+, n=12 (19%)  P 
Tumor size (cm), median (range)  2.6 (1.5–5.5)  2.3 (1.5–4.8)  3 (1.5–5.5)  2.6 (1.5–5)  .218 
Number of resected lymph nodes, median (range)  13 (5–24)  13 (11–21)  13 (5–24)  10 (5–23)  .533 
Number of involved lymph nodes, median (range)  2 (0–15)  −  3 (1–14)  6 (1–15)  .001 
LNR, median (range)  0.15 (0–0.93)  0.26 (0.04–0.93)  0.45 (0.09–0.83)  .001 
Tumor stage (T)a.210
3 (5%)  2 (17%)  −  1 (8%) 
7 (10%)  3 (25%)  3 (3%)  1 (8%) 
53 (83%)  6 (50%)  37 (97%)  10 (83%) 
1 (2%)  1 (8%)  −  − 
Differentiation grade.114
G1. Well  11 (17%)  4 (33%)  4 (10%)  3 (25%) 
G2. Moderately  42 (66%)  5 (2%)  28 (70%)  9 (75%) 
G3. Poorly  11 (17%)  3 (25%)  8 (20%)  − 
Type of resection.180
R0  56 (87%)  12 (100%)  35(87%)  9 (75%) 
R1  8 (13%)  −  5 (13%)  3 (25%) 
Vascular invasion  24 (38%)  3 (25%)  18 (45%)  6 (50%)  .390 
Lymphatic invasion  52 (64%)  −  40 (77%)  12 (23%)  .001 
Perineural invasion  56 (88%)  11 (92%)  35 (88%)  10 (83%)  .827 

HALN: hepatic artery lymph nodes; PPLN: peripancreatic lymph nodes; LNR: lymph node ratio.

a

TNM classification based on AJCC/UICC TNM guidelines, 7th Edition.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Follow-Up

In this study, 84% of patients received gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy, 75% had recurrence of the disease during the follow-up period, and 36% presented local and systemic recurrence after a disease-free time of 11 months (r: 1–49). In 35%, systemic recurrence was only observed after a disease-free time of 9 months (r: 1–66) and in 4% only local recurrence was observed after a disease-free time of 5 months (r: 2–24 months).

Survival Analysis

The median OS of the total series was 20 months (r: 1–159 months), with a DFS of 12 months (r: 1–159 months) and no observed loss to follow-up during the period of study.

The median OS between the groups was: PPLN−/HALN− 64 months (r: 16–130 months); PPLN+/HALN− 18 months (r: 1–159 months); and PPLN+/HALN+ 13 months (r: 6–78 months). The median DFS between the groups was: PPLN−/HALN− 34 months (r: 2–130 months); PPLN+/HALN− 8 months (r: 1–159 months); and PPLN+/HALN 12 months (r: 1–66 months). Although there were significant differences in both OS (P=.007) and DFS (P=.030) between those patients without lymph node involvement vs. the groups with lymph node involvement, the median OS of patients with PPLN+ did not show significant differences depending on HALN involvement (P=.195) or median DFS (P=.617).

The 1, 3 and 5-year OS rates were statistically better in the PPLN−/HALN− group (82, 72 and 54%) than in the PPLN+/HALN− (68, 29 and 21%) and HALN+ groups (72, 9 and 9%) (Fig. 1). The cumulative probability of disease recurrence after 1, 3, and 5 years was statistically lower in the PPLN−/HALN− group (18, 46, and 55%) compared to the PPLN+/HALN− group (57, 80, and 89%) and PPLN+/HALN+ group (46, 91 and 100%) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Overall survival and cumulative probability of recurrence as a function of lymph node involvement.

(0.23MB).
Analysis of OS and DFS Risk Factors

The risk factors studied for OS and DFS were the following: age; sex; Ca 19.9 levels; overall morbidity; tumor diameter and differentiation; staging (T/N); R0/R1; lymph node ratio (LNR); microvascular, lymphatic and perineural invasion; and adjuvant treatment.

In our series, the main risk factors for OS in both the univariate and multivariate analyses were lymphatic invasion (HR: 2.987; 95%CI: 1.160–7.693) and R1 vs R0 resection (HR: 3.39; 95%CI: 1.368–8.413), while adjuvant treatment was a protective factor (HR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.054–0.316) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS).

Variables  Univariate Analysis (P Value)Multivariate Analysis (HR, 95%CI; P Value) OS DFS
  OS  DFS     
Age ≥65yrs  .046  .081  −  − 
Sex – male  .170  .349  −  − 
Ca 19.9 >100U/mL  .105  .044  −  − 
Postoperative morbidity  .357  .088  −  − 
Tumor size ≥25mm  .116  .095  −  − 
R1 vs R0 resection  .005  .332  3.392 (1.368–8.413); .008  − 
Differentiation grade (G3 vs G1-G2)  .160  .017  −  2.766 (1.343–5.695); .006 
Microvascular invasion  .089  .073  −  − 
Perineural invasion  .354  .194  −  − 
Lymphatic invasion vs PPLN−/HALN−  .006  .015  2.987 (1.160–7.693); .023  3.000 (1.253–7.181); .014 
LNR >0.3  .001  .003  −  − 
Adjuvant treatment  .001  .015  0.131 (0.054–0.316); .001  0.370 (0.144–0.958); .040 

HALN: hepatic artery lymph nodes; PPLN: peripancreatic lymph nodes; HR: hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; LNR: lymph node ratio.

Regarding the analysis of DFS risk factors, lymphatic involvement (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.171–6.719) and the degree of differentiation (G3 vs. G1–G2) (HR: 2.76; 95%CI: 1.343–5.695) were statistically significant in both the univariate and multivariate analyses, while adjuvant treatment was a protective factor (HR: 0.3; 95%CI: 0.138–0.914) (Table 3).

Discussion

It has been demonstrated that the presence of lymph node metastasis is an independent prognostic factor in patients treated surgically for PA7; furthermore, their location also significantly correlates with prognosis. Due to its easy access and dissection as well as its being anatomically constant, the HALN could play the role of sentinel node in PA. Some articles10–12,14 refer to the fact that this would help identify patients with poor long-term prognosis after surgery with curative intent. However, the results in the literature are contradictory.

The Connor et al. study12 evaluated the significance of LN8 and LN16 involvement in the survival of patients treated surgically for periampullary tumors. They studied 54 patients, for whom LN8 was independently analyzed, and they found a significant decrease in the median survival in patients with metastasis at this level; LN8 involvement was shown to be an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis. The Maithel et al. study,14 however, analyzed the radiological correlation between lymphadenopathies of the hepatic artery and the bile duct in terms of resectability and survival in patients with resected periampullary tumors. The subgroup analysis of 49 patients, in whom the HALN had been recovered and analyzed individually, demonstrated that the patients who presented metastatic involvement at this level had a significant decrease in survival, similar to those with carcinomatosis or liver metastases. These studies included patients with different histological types, making it difficult to reach a firm conclusion and correctly analyze survival.

Subsequently, Cordera et al.11 evaluated 55 patients who underwent PD for PA, and worse OS was observed in the 10 patients with metastatic involvement of the HALN. Similar results were published by LaFemina et al.10 in a study that included only patients who underwent PD for PA. They found that 23 out of a total of 147 patients had HALN involvement, with statistically significant worse OS and DFS.

However, in line with our work, Philips et al.25 analyzed the prognostic relevance of HALN in a total of 247 patients who underwent PD for PA, 41 of whom presented metastasis in that area. These authors found a worse OS in patients with HALN involvement, but with no significant differences compared to patients with lymphatic involvement of both the HALN and PPLN. In our study, 19% presented HALN and PPLN involvement, and 62% presented PPLN involvement without HALN involvement. We were able to verify that OS was similar in both groups and was statistically lower than in patients without lymph node involvement. In terms of the cumulative probability of recurrence, there were also no differences between the PPLN+/HALN+ group and the PPLN+/HALN− group, but their rates were statistically higher than in patients with no lymph node involvement. This demonstrates that, more than HALN involvement, what ultimately determines survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma is lymph node involvement.

On the other hand, we did not identify cases of isolated HALN involvement in our series, which is consistent with other similar studies where its presence has been extremely rare (1.2%–2%). This suggests that HALN is not a first step in lymphatic spread, and that its involvement could be related to a greater tumor burden and biologically more aggressive tumors, as has been pointed out in other publications.9,10,25

Finally, the multivariate analysis of the risk factors for both OS and DFS in our series showed that lymph node involvement turned out to be the main factor for a poor prognosis. Although affected resection margins had an impact on OS, they did not on DFS, which was mainly influenced by the degree of tumor differentiation. Neither preoperative tumor marker values – nor vascular involvement were significant compared to other series.3,26–28 Although Ca 19.9 values – were slightly higher in the group with lymph node involvement, there were no significant differences between groups, nor were we able to demonstrate their impact on survival. Panaro et al.29 have recently shown that microvascular invasion, margin involvement and lymph node involvement are the main risk factors in univariate analyses of both DFS and OS, and that microvascular invasion is the main determinant of long-term survival. On the other hand, other recent studies30,31 have reported that lymph node involvement is associated with early recurrence and worse long-term prognosis, regardless of margin involvement or vascular invasion. In short, this shows that the adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is a systemic disease that requires effective adjuvant chemotherapy for its control, which has been proven to be the main protective factor consistent with publications in the literature.32,33

Despite the limitations of our study, due to its retrospective nature, with a limited and different sample size in each group, the results of our initial experience suggest that HALN involvement is associated with PPLN involvement and, therefore, with a greater tumor burden and worse biological behavior. Taking into account that the HALN is positive in 10% to 24% of patients11,12,24 (19% in our series), its preoperative identification, either by laparoscopic staging or endoscopic ultrasound biopsy, could preoperatively identify a group of patients who are candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Nonetheless, we conclude that, although lymph node involvement impacts the long-term survival of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, we have not been able to identify HALN involvement as a prognostic marker per se, and it should not be considered, to date, a criterion for unresectability.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Santiago Pérez-Hoyos, biostatistician of the Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit at the Institut de Recerca del Vall d’Hebron, for the review of the statistical analysis.

References
[1]
F. Bray, J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R.L. Siegel, L.A. Torre, A. Jemal.
Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.
CA Cancer J Clin, 68 (2018), pp. 394-424
[2]
D.P. Ryan, T.S. Hong, N. Bardeesy.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
N Engl J Med, 371 (2014), pp. 1039-1049
[3]
F. Landi, C. Dopazo, G. Sapisochin, M. Beisani, L. Blanco, M. Caralt, et al.
Resultados a largo plazo de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica con resección de vena mesentérica superior y vena porta por adenocarcinoma de cabeza de páncreas.
[4]
T. Hata, F. Motoi, M. Ishida, T. Naitoh, Y. Katayise, S. Egawa, et al.
Effect of hospital volume on surgical outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a sistematic review and meta-analysis.
Ann Surg, 263 (2016), pp. 664-672
[5]
M.T. McMillan, J.D. Christein, M.P. Callery, S.W. Behrman, J.A. Drebin, R.H. Hollis, et al.
Comparing the burden of pancreatic fistulas after pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy.
Surgery, 159 (2016), pp. 1013-1022
[6]
D. Akerberg, D. Ansari, R. Andersson.
Re-evaluation of classical prognostic factors in resectable ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
World J Gastroenterol, 22 (2016), pp. 6424-6433
[7]
N.P. Valsangkar, D.M. Bush, J.S. Michaelson, C.R. Ferrone, J.A. Wargo, K.D. Lillemoe, et al.
N0/N1 PNL or LNR? The effect of lymph node number on accurate survival prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
J Gastrointest Surg, 17 (2013), pp. 257-266
[8]
J. Tol, D.J. Gouma, C. Bassi, C. Dervenis, M. Montorsi, M. Adham, et al.
Definition of a standard lymphadenectomy in surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a consensus statement by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).
Surgery, 156 (2014), pp. 591-600
[9]
M. Kayahara, T. Nagakawa, H. Kobayashi, K. Mori, T. Nakano, N. Kadoya, et al.
Lymphatic flow in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.
[10]
J. LaFemina, J.F. Chou, M. Gonen, F.G. Rocha, C. Correa-Gallego, T.P. Kingham, et al.
Hepatic arterial nodal metastases in pancreatic cancer: is this the node of importance?.
J Gastrointest Surg, 17 (2013), pp. 1092-1097
[11]
F. Cordera, C.A. Arciero, T. Li, J.C. Watson, J.P. Hoffman.
Significance of common hepatic artery lymph node metastases during pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.
Ann Surg Oncol, 14 (2007), pp. 2330-2336
[12]
S. Connor, L. Bosonnet, P. Ghaneh, N. Alexakis, M. Hartley, F. Campbell, et al.
Survival of patients with periampullary carcinoma is predicted by lymph node 8a but not by lymph node 16b1 status.
Br J Surg, 91 (2004), pp. 1592-1599
[13]
J. Wennerblom, P. Saksena, C. Jönsson, A. Thune.
Lymph node 8a as a prognostic marker for poorer prognosis in pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma.
Scand J Gastroenterol, 53 (2018), pp. 225-230
[14]
S.K. Maithel, K. Khalili, E. Dixon, M. Guindi, M.P. Callery, M.S. Cattral, et al.
Impact of regional lymph node evaluation in staging patients with periampullary tumours.
Ann Surg Oncol, 14 (2007), pp. 202-210
[15]
M.A. Tempero, J.P. Arnoletti, S.W. Behrman, E. Ben-Josef, A.B. Benson, E.S. Casper, et al.
National comprehensive cancer networks. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines.
J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 10 (2012),
[16]
S. Pedrazzoli, V. di Carlo, R. Dionigi, F. Mosca, P. Pederzoli, C. Pasquali, et al.
Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group.
[17]
T.S. Riall, J.L. Cameron, K.D. Lillemoe, K.A. Campbell, P.K. Sauter, J. Coleman, et al.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma — part 3: Update on 5-year survival.
J Gastroint Surg, 9 (2005), pp. 1191-1204
[18]
K. Washington, J. Berlin, P. Branton, L.J. Burgart, D.K. Carter, C.C. Compton, et al.
Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinoma of the pancreas protocol applies to all epithelial tumors of the pancreas, including high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. Version: PancreasExocrine 3.4.0.0 Based on AJCC/UICC TNM 7th edition.
(2016),
[19]
F. Campbell, R.A. Smith, P. Whelan, R. Sutton, M. Raraty, J.P. Neoptolemos, et al.
Classification of R1 resections for pancreatic cancer: the prognostic relevance of tumour involvement within 1mm of a resection margin.
Histopathology, 55 (2009), pp. 277-283
[20]
M.D. Chandrasegaram, D. Goldstein, J. Simes, V. Gebski, J.G. Kench, A.J. Gill, et al.
Meta-analysis of radical resection rates and margin assessment in pancreatic cancer.
Br J Surg, 102 (2015), pp. 1459-1472
[21]
L.S. Lino-Silva, R.A. Salcedo-Hernandez, P. Segales-Rojas, C. Zepeda-najar.
Comparison of 3 ways of dissecting the pancreatoduodenectomy specimen and their impact in the lymph node count and the lymph node metastatic ratio.
Int J Surg Path, 26 (2018), pp. 707-713
[22]
W.F. Regine, K.A. Winter, R. Abrams, H. Safran, J.P. Hoffman, A. Konski, et al.
Fluorouracil-based chemoradiation with either gemcitabine or fluorouracil chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: 5-year analysis of the U.S Intergroup/RTOG 9704 phase III trial.
Ann Surg Oncol, 18 (2011), pp. 1319-1326
[23]
J.P. Neoptolemos, D.H. Palmer, P. Ghaneh.
Comparison of adjuvant gemcitabine and capecitabine with gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer (ESPAC-4): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.
Lancet, 389 (2017), pp. 1011-1024
[24]
D. Dindo, N. Demartines, P.A. Clavien.
Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.
[25]
P. Philips, E. Dunki-Jacobs, S. Agle, C. Scoggins, K. McMasters, R. Matin.
The role of hepatic artery lymph node in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: prognostic factor or a selection criterion for surgery.
HPB, 16 (2014), pp. 1051-1055
[26]
R. Berguists, C.A. Puig, C.R. Shubert, R.T. Groeschl, E.B. Habermann, M.L. Kendrick, et al.
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 elevation in anatomically resectable early stage pancreatic cancer is independently associated with decreased overall survival and an indication for neoadjuvant therapy: A National Cancer Database Study.
J Am Coll Surg, 223 (2016), pp. 52-65
[27]
T.J. Kinsella, Y. Seo, J. Willis, T.A. Stellato, C.T. Siegel, D. Harpp, et al.
The impact of resection margin status and postoperative CA19-9 levels on survival and patterns of recurrence after postoperative high-dose radiotherapy with 5-FU-based concurrent chemotherapy for resectable pancreatic cancer.
Am J Clin Oncol, 31 (2008), pp. 446-453
[28]
K. Nishio, J. Kimura, R. Amano, S. Ymazoe, G. Ohira, B. Nakata, et al.
Preoperative predictors for early recurrence of resectable pancreatic cancer.
W J Surg Oncol, 15 (2016), pp. 16
[29]
F. Panaro, T. Kellil, J. Vendrell, V. Sega, R. Souche, T. Piardi, et al.
Microvascular invasion is a major prognostic factor after pancreatico-duodenectomy for adenocarcinoma.
[30]
W. Tummers, J.V. Groen, B.G. Sibinga, S.M. Farina-Sarasqueta, J. Morreau, H. Putter, et al.
Impact of resection margin status on recurrence and survival in pancreatic cancer surgery.
Br J Surg, 106 (2019), pp. 1055-1065
[31]
K.C. Honselmann, I. Pergolini, C.F. Castillo, V. Deshpande, D. Ting, M.S. Taylor, et al.
Timing but not patterns of recurrence is different between node-negative and node-positive resected pancreatic cancer.
[32]
J.H. Klinkenbijl, J. Jeekel, T. Sahmoud, R. van Pel, M.L. Couvreur, C.H. Veenhof, et al.
Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluoro-uracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: Phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group.
[33]
J.P. Neoptolemos, D.D. Stocken, H. Friess, C. Bassi, J.A. Dunn, H. Hickey, et al.
A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 120-210

Please cite this article as: Rodrigues V, Dopazo C, Pando E, Blanco L, Caralt M, Gómez-Gavara C, et al. ¿Es realmente la afectación del ganglio de la arteria hepática un factor de mal pronóstico en el adenocarcinoma de páncreas? Cir Esp. 2020;98:204–211.

Copyright © 2019. AEC
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos