Este trabajo fue posible gracias al generoso apoyo de Laboratorios Pfizer Colombia.
Información de la revista
Vol. 14. Núm. 1.
Páginas 26-40 (enero 2002)
Vol. 14. Núm. 1.
Páginas 26-40 (enero 2002)
Acceso a texto completo
Antioxidantes y enfermedad vascular
Visitas
6365
C.O. Mendivil**
, I.D. Sierra, C.E. Pérez
Autor para correspondencia
carlosolimpo@hotmail.com
Correspondencia: Calle 83, 78-20, bloque B, apartamento 101. Barrio Afidro. Bogotá, Colombia.
Correspondencia: Calle 83, 78-20, bloque B, apartamento 101. Barrio Afidro. Bogotá, Colombia.
Unidad de Lípidos y Diabetes. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de Colombia
B. Hernández Abad*
* Unidad de Lípidos. Hospital Universitario General Calixto García. La Habana. Cuba
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
American Heart Association. 1999 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update, American Heart Association, (1998),
[2.]
B. Frei.
On the role of vitamin C and other antioxidants in atherogenesis and vascular dysfunction.
PSEBM, 222 (1999), pp. 196-204
[3.]
H.L. Goldstein, Y.K. Ho, S.K. Basu.
Binding site on macrophages that mediate uptake and degradation of acylated LDL.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76 (1979), pp. 333-337
[4.]
D. Steinberg, S. Parthasaraty, T.E. Carew, J.C. Khoo, J.L. Witztum.
Modifications of LDL that increase its atherogenicity.
N Engl J Med, 320 (1989), pp. 915-924
[5.]
H. Esterbauer, J. Gebicki, H. Puhl, G. Jurgens.
The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL.
Free Radic Biol Med, 13 (1992), pp. 341-390
[7.]
M.N. Díaz, B. Frei, J.A. Vita, J.F. Keaney.
Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 408-416
[8.]
S.M. Colles, K.C. Irwin, G.M. Chisolm, et al.
Roles of multiple oxidized LDL lipids in cellular injury: dominance of 7-beta hidroperoxycholesterol.
J Lipid Res, 37 (1996), pp. 2018-2028
[9.]
M. Navab, S.S. Imes, S.Y. Hama, G.P. Hough, L.A. Ross, R.W. Bork.
Monocyte transmigration induced by oxidation of LDL in cocultures of human aortic endothelial cells.
J Clin Invest, 88 (1991), pp. 2039-2046
[10.]
P. Mecocci, M.C. Polidori, M.L. Troiano, A. Cherubini, R. Cecchetti, G. Pini.
Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study in healthy centenarians.
Free Radic Biol Med, 28 (2000), pp. 1243-1248
[11.]
K.L. Retsky, B. Frei, C. Vitamin.
prevents ion-dependent initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation in human LDL.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 1257 (1995), pp. 279-287
[12.]
H.M. Princen, G. Van Poppel, C. Vogelzang, R. Buytenhek, F.J. Kok.
Supplementation with vitamin E but not beta-carotene protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in vitro. Effect of cigarette smoking.
Arterioscler Thromb, 12 (1992), pp. 554-562
[13.]
C.J. Fuller, S.M. Grundy, E.P. Norkus, I. Jialal.
Effect of ascorbate supplementation on low density lipoprotein oxidation in smokers.
Atherosclerosis, 119 (1996), pp. 139-150
[14.]
I. Jialal, S.M. Grundy.
Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants during the oxidative modification by ascorbate but not probucol.
J Clin Invest, 87 (1991), pp. 597-601
[15.]
I. tJialal, S.M. Grundy.
Effect of dietary supplementation with al pha-tocopherol on the oxidative modification of LDL.
J Lipid Res, 33 (1992), pp. 899-900
[16.]
H.M. Princen, W. Van Duyvenvoorde, R. Buytenhek, A. van der Laarse, G. van Poppel, J.A. Gevers Leuven.
Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women.
Arterioscler Thromb, 15 (1995), pp. 325-333
[17.]
C.J. Fuller, B.A. Huet, I. Jialal.
Effect of increasing doses of alphatocopherol in providing protection of low density lipoproteins to oxidation.
Am J Cardiol, 81 (1998), pp. 231-233
[18.]
I. Jialal, C.J. Fuller, B.A. Huet.
The effect of alpha tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation: a dose-response study.
Arterioscler Thromb, 15 (1995), pp. 190-197
[19.]
L. Mosca, M. Rubenfire, C. Mandel, C. Rock, T. Tarshis, A. Tsai, et al.
Antioxidant nutrient supplementation reduces the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 30 (1997), pp. 392-399
[20.]
N.Y. Carroll, P.J.M. Corridan, P.A. Morrisey.
Lipoprotein carotenoid profiles and the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in healthy elderly volunteers.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 54 (2000), pp. 500-507
[21.]
K.R. Martin, D. Wu, M. Meidani.
The effect of carotenoids in the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules and binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells.
Atherosclerosis, 150 (2000), pp. 265-274
[22.]
L. Cominacini, U. Garbin, A.F. Pacini, A. Davoli, M. Campagnola, G.B. Contessi.
Antioxidants inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by oxidized LDL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Free Radic Biol Med, 22 (1997), pp. 117-127
[23.]
V.C. Reid, M.J. Mitchinson.
Toxicity of oxidized low density lipoprotein towards mouse peritoneal macrophagues in vitro.
Atherosclerosis, 98 (1993), pp. 17-26
[24.]
H. Sies, W. Stahl.
Vitamins E and C, beta carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants.
Am J Clin Nutr, 62 (1995), pp. 1315-1321
[25.]
G.N. Levine, B. Frei, S.N. Kolouris, M.D. Gerhard, J.F. Keaney Jr., J.A. Vita.
Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients.
Circulation, 93 (1996), pp. 1107-1113
[26.]
J. Neuzil, J.R. Thomas, R. Stocker.
Requirements for promotion or inhibition by alpha-tocopherol of radical induced initiation of plasma lipoprotein lipid peroxidation.
Free Radic Biol Med, 22 (1997), pp. 57-71
[27.]
T.J. Anderson, M.E. Romero-Abal, J. Jaenike.
The effect of cholesterol lowering and AO therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion.
N Engl J Med, 332 (1995), pp. 488-493
[28.]
N. Gocke, J.F. Keaney, B. Frei, M. Holbrook, M. Olesiak, B.J. Zachariah.
Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.
Circulation, 99 (1999), pp. 3234-3240
[29.]
J. Upritchard, W.H. Sutherland, J.I. Mann.
Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 733-738
[30.]
D. Boscoboinik, A. Szewczycka, C. Hensey, A. Azzi.
Inhibition of cell proliferation by alpha-tocopherol. Role of protein-kinase C.
J Biol Chem, 266 (1991), pp. 6188-6194
[31.]
J.E. Freedman, J.H. Farhat, J. Loscalzo, J.F. Keaney Jr..
Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein-kinase C dependent mechanism.
Circulation, 94 (1996), pp. 2434-2440
[32.]
A. Azzi, I. Breyer, M. Feher, M. Pastori, R. Ricciarelli, S. Spycher.
Specific cellular responses to alpha-tocopherol.
J Nutr, 130 (2000), pp. 1649-1652
[33.]
J.A. Purvis, S.R. Vallely, I.S. Young.
Vitamin E and coronary heart disease [letter].
Lancet, 347 (1996), pp. 1690
[34.]
A. Kontush, B. Finch, B. Karten, A. Kohlschutter, U. Beisiegel.
Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol in human plasma and LDL.
J Lipid Res, 37 (1996), pp. 1436-1448
[35.]
J. Fruebis, D.A. Bird, J. Pattison, W. Palinski.
Extent of antioxidant protection of plasma LDL is not a predictor of the antiatherogenic effects of antioxidants.
J Lipid Res, 38 (1997), pp. 2455-2464
[36.]
D. Bonnefont-Rousselot, J.P. Bastard, M.C. Jaudon, J. Delattre.
Consequences of the diabetic status in the oxidant-antioxidant balance.
Diabetes Metab, 26 (2000), pp. 163-176
[37.]
K.F. Gey, U.K. Moser, P. Jordan, H.B. Stahelin, M. Eichholzer, E. Ludin.
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C.
Am J Clin Nutr, 57 (1993), pp. 787-797
[38.]
S.B. Kritchevsky, T. Shimalkawa, G.S. Tell, B. Dennis, M. Carpenter, J.H. Eckfeldt.
Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Circulation, 92 (1995), pp. 2142-2150
[39.]
H.N. Hodis, W.J. Mack, L. La Bree, L. Cashin-Hemphill, A. Sevanian, R. Johnson.
Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
JAMA, 273 (1995), pp. 1849-1854
[40.]
J.E. Enstrom, L.E. Kanim, M.A. Klein.
Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population.
Epidemiology, 3 (1992), pp. 194-202
[41.]
E.B. Rimm, M.J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, E. Giovannucci, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett.
Vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1450-1456
[42.]
K. Nyyssonen, M. Parviainen, R. Salonen, J. Tuomilehto, J.T. Salonen.
Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective study of men from eastern Finland.
Br Med J, 314 (1997), pp. 634-638
[43.]
L.H. Kushi, A.R. Folsom, R.J. Prineas, P.J. Mink, Y. Wu, R.M. Bostick.
Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
N Engl J Med, 334 (1996), pp. 1156-1162
[44.]
J.A. Simon, E.S. Hudes.
Serum ascorbic acid and cardiovascular disease prevalence in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III.
Ann Epidemiol, 9 (1999), pp. 358-365
[45.]
S.B. Kritchevsky.
Beta carotene, carotenoids and the prevention of coronary heart disease.
J Nutr, 129 (1999), pp. 5-8
[46.]
K. Klipstein-Grobusch, J.M. Geleinjse, J.H. Den Breeijen, H. Boeing, A. Hofman, D.E. Grobbee.
Dietary antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly. The Rotterdam Study.
Am J Clin Nutr, 69 (1999), pp. 261-266
[47.]
D.A. Street, G.W. Comstock, R.M. Salkeld, W. Schuep, M.J. Klag.
Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alfa tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction?.
Circulation, 90 (1994), pp. 1154-1161
[48.]
A.F. Kardinaal, F.J. Kok, J. Ringstad, J. Gomez-Aracena, V.P. Mazaev, L. Kohlmeier.
Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction. The EURAMIC study.
Lancet, 342 (1993), pp. 1379-1384
[49.]
M.J. Stampfer, C.H. Hennekens, J. Manson, G.A. Colditz, B. Rosner, W.C. Willett.
Vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1444-1449
[50.]
I.M. Lee, N.R. Cook, J.E. Manson, J.E. Buring, C.H. Hennekens.
Betacarotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 91 (1999), pp. 2102-2106
[51.]
J. Virtamo, J.M. Rappola, S. Ripatti, O.P. Heinonen, P.R. Taylor, D. Albanes.
Effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene in the incidence of primary nonfatal MI and fatal coronary heart disease.
Arch Intern Med, 158 (1998), pp. 668-675
[52.]
J.M. Rapola, J. Virtamo, S. Ripatti, J.K. Huttunen, D. Albanes, P.R. Taylor.
Randomized trial of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction.
Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 1715-1720
[53.]
E.R. Greenberg, J.A. Baron, M.R. Karagas, T.A. Stukel, D.W. Nierenberg, M.M. Stevens.
Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta-carotene and effect of oral supplementation.
JAMA, 275 (1996), pp. 699-703
[54.]
G.S. Omenn, G.E. Goodman, M.D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M.R. Cullen, A. Glass.
Effect of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med, 334 (1996), pp. 1150-1155
[55.]
C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Buring, J.E. Manson, M. Stampfer, B. Rosner, N.R. Cook.
Lack of effect of oral supplementation with beta-carotene on incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med, 334 (1996), pp. 1145-1149
[56.]
W. Doering, K. Pietrzik, D. De Grand.
Antioxidant vitamins, cancer and cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med, 335 (1997), pp. 1065
[57.]
D. Kostic, W.S. White, J.A. Olson.
Intestinal absorption, serum clearance and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to humans.
Am J Clin Nutr, 62 (1995), pp. 609-610
[58.]
S. Hercberg, P. Preziosi, S. Briancon, P. Galan, I. Triol, D. Malvy.
A primary prevention trial using nutritional doses of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in cardiovascular diseases in a general population: the SU.VI.MAX. Study.
Control Clin Trials, 19 (1998), pp. 336-351
[59.]
S. Zino, M. Skeaff, S. Williams, J. Mann.
Randomized controlled trial of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma concentration of lipids and antioxidants.
Br Med J, 314 (1997), pp. 1787-1791
[60.]
M. Bobak, E. Brunner, N.J. Miller, Z. Skodova, M. Marmot.
Could antioxidants play a role in high rates of coronary heart disease in the Czech republic?.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 52 (1998), pp. 632-636
[61.]
M. Kristenson, B. Zieden, Z. Kucinskiene, L.S. Elinder, B. Bergdahl, B. Elwing.
Antioxidants state and mortality from CHD in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross-sectional study of men aged 50.
Br Med J, 314 (1997), pp. 629-633
[62.]
M.C. Bellizzi, M.F. Franklin, G.G. Duthie, W.P. James.
Vitamin E and coronary heart disease: the European paradox.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 48 (1994), pp. 22-31
[63.]
J.T. Salonen, R. Salonen, I. Pentilla, J. Herranen, M. Jauhiainen, M. Kantola.
Serum fatty acids, apolipoproteins, selenium and vitamin antioxidants, and the risk of death from coronary artery disease.
Am J Cardiol, 56 (1985), pp. 226-231
[64.]
H.W. Hense, M. Stender, W. Bors, U. Keil.
Lack of an association between serum vitamin E and myocardial infarction in a population with high vitamin E levels.
Atherosclerosis, 103 (1993), pp. 21-28
[65.]
P. Knekt, A. Reunanen, R. Jarvinen, R. Seppanen, M. Heliovaara, A. Aromaa.
Antioxidant vitamins intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study.
Am J Epidemiol, 139 (1994), pp. 1180-1189
[66.]
L. Kohlmeier, J.D. Kark, E. Gómez-García, B.C. Martin, S.E. Steck, A.F. Kardinaal.
Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC study.
Am J Epidemiol, 146 (1997), pp. 618-626
[67.]
K.G. Losonczy, T.B. Harris, R.J. Havlik.
Vitamin E, and vitamin C supplements use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. The Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) Study.
Am J Clin Nutr, 64 (1996), pp. 190-196
[68.]
E.B. Rimm, M.J. Stampfer.
Antioxidants for vascular disease.
Med Clin North Am, 84 (2000), pp. 290-296
[69.]
B.G. Brown, X.Q. Zhao, D.E. Sacco, J.J. Albers.
Lipid lowering and plaque regression: new insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease.
Circulation, 87 (1993), pp. 1781-1791
[70.]
D. Waters, T.E. Craven, J. Lesperance.
Prognostic significance of progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
Circulation, 87 (1993), pp. 1067-1075
[71.]
J.M. Rapola, J. Virtamo, S. Ripatti, J.K. Haukka, J.K. Huttunen, D. Albanes.
Effects of alpha tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on symptoms, progression and prognosis of angina pectoris.
Heart, 79 (1998), pp. 454-458
[72.]
D.L. Tribble.
AHA Science Advisory. Antioxidant consumption and risk of coronary heart disease.
Circulation, 99 (1999), pp. 591-595
[73.]
N.G. Stephens, A. Parsons, P.M. Schofield, F. Kelly, K. Cheeseman, M.J. Mitchinson.
Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary heart disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS.
Lancet, 347 (1996), pp. 781-786
[74.]
The GISSI investigators Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction. Results of the GISSI (Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soppravivenza nell’Infarto miocardico.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 447-455
[75.]
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study investigators. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 154-160
[76.]
E.M. Lonn.
The role of vitamins in the prevention of coronary artery disease.
Evid Based Cardiov Med, 4 (2000), pp. 59-61
[77.]
L. Arab, S. Steck.
Lycopene and cardiovascular disease.
Am J Clin Nutr, 71 (2000), pp. 1691-1695
[78.]
P. DiMascio, S. Kaiser, H. Sies.
Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher.
Arch Biochem Biophys, 274 (1989), pp. 532-538
[79.]
W. Stahl, H. Sies.
Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans.
J Nutr, 122 (1992), pp. 2161-2166
[80.]
F.M. Steinberg, A. Chait.
Antioxidant vitamin supplementation and lipid peroxidation in smokers.
Am J Clin Nutr, 68 (1998), pp. 319-327
[81.]
J.E. Romanchik, E.H. Harrison, D.W. Morel.
Addition of lutein, lycopene or beta-carotene to LDL or serum in vitro: Effects on carotenoid distribution, LDL composition and LDL oxidation.
J Nutr Biochem, 8 (1997), pp. 681-688
[82.]
E.R. Pamuk, T. Byers, R.J. Coates, J.W. Vann, A.L. Sowell, E.W. Gunter.
Effect of smoking on serum nutrient concentrations in African-American women.
Am J Clin Nutr, 59 (1994), pp. 891-895
[83.]
Y.M. Peng, Y.S. Peng, Y. Lin, T. Moon, D.J. Roe, C. Ritenbaugh.
Concentrations and plasma-tissue-diet relationships of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in humans.
Nutr Cancer, 23 (1995), pp. 233-246
[84.]
B. Fuhrman.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene and beta carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 233 (1997), pp. 658-662
[85.]
C. Iribarren, A.R. Folsom, D.R. Jacobs Jr., M.D. Gross, J.D. Belcher, J.H. Eckfeldt.
Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis: a case-control study.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17 (1997), pp. 1171-1177
[86.]
J. Gómez-Aracena, J. Sloots, A. García-Rodríguez, et al.
Antioxidants in adipose tissue and myocardial infarction in a Mediterranean area. The EURAMIC study in Málaga.
Nutr Metab Cardiov Dis, 7 (1997), pp. 376-382
[87.]
I. Goldberg, L. Mosca, M.R. Piano, E.A. Fisher.
AHA Science advisory: wine and your heart.
Circulation, 103 (2001), pp. 472-475
[88.]
M. Gronbaek, A. Peis, T.I. Sorensen, U. Becker, P. Schnohr, G. Jensen.
Mortality associated with moderate intake of wine, beer or spirits.
Br Med J, 310 (1995), pp. 1165-1169
[89.]
R. Infante.
Polifenoles del vino y oxidabilidad de las lipoproteínas. ¿Blanco o tinto?.
Clin Invest Arterioscler, 9 (1997), pp. 19-22
[90.]
K. Kondo, A. Matsumoto, H. Kurata, H. Tanahashi, H. Koda, T. Amachi.
Inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein with red wine.
Lancet, 344 (1994), pp. 1152
[91.]
E.N. Frankel, A.L. Waterhouse, J.E. Kinsella.
Inhibition of human LDL by resveratrol.
Lancet, 341 (1993), pp. 1103-1104
[92.]
S. Renaud, M. De Lorgeril.
Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease.
Lancet, 339 (1992), pp. 1523-1526
[93.]
H. Mukhtar, N. Ahmad.
Tea polyphenols: prevention of cancer and optimizing health.
Am J Clin Nutr, 71 (2000), pp. 1698-1702
[94.]
D.S. Thelle.
Coffee, tea and and coronary heart disease.
Curr Opin Lipidol, 6 (1995), pp. 25-27
[95.]
I. Stensvold, A. Tuerdal, K. Solvoll, O.P. Foss.
Tea consumption: relationship to cholesterol, blood pressure, and coronary and total mortality.
Prev Med, 21 (1992), pp. 546-553
[96.]
M.G.L. Hertog, E.J.M. Freskens, P.C. Hollman, M.B. Katan, D. Kromhout.
Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study.
Lancet, 342 (1993), pp. 1007-1011
[97.]
M.G. Hertog, D. Kromhout, C. Aravanis, H. Blackbur, R. Buzina, F. Fidanza.
Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the Seven Countries Study.
Arch Intern Med, 155 (1995), pp. 381-386
[98.]
J.M. Geleijnse, L.J. Launer, A. Hofman, H.A. Pols, J.C. Witteman.
Tea flavonoids may protect against atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 2170-2174
[99.]
H.D. Sesso, J.M. Gaziano, J.E. Buring, C.H. Hennekens.
Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial infarction.
Am J Epidemiol, 149 (1999), pp. 162-167
[100.]
M.G. Hertog, P.M. Sweetnam, A.M. Fehily, P.C. Elwood, D. Kromhout.
Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: the Caerphilly Study.
Am J Clin Nutr, 65 (1997), pp. 1489-1494
Copyright © 2002. Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis y Elsevier España, S.L.