The aim of the present study was to evaluate the autonomic modulation of the cardiovascular system in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), evaluating baroreflex sensitivity and arterial pressure and heart rate variability.
METHODS:Male SHR were divided in control (SHR) and diabetic (SHR+DM, 5 days after STZ) groups. Arterial pressure (AP) and baroreflex sensitivity (evaluated by tachycardic and bradycardic responses to changes in AP) were monitored. Autoregressive spectral estimation was performed for systolic AP (SAP) and pulse interval (PI) with oscillatory components quantified as low (LF:0.2-0.6Hz) and high (HF:0.6-3.0Hz) frequency ranges.
RESULTS:Mean AP and heart rate in SHR+DM (131±3 mmHg and 276±6 bpm) were lower than in SHR (160±7 mmHg and 330±8 bpm). Baroreflex bradycardia was lower in SHR+DM as compared to SHR (0.55±0.1 vs. 0.97±0.1 bpm/mmHg). Overall SAP variability in the time domain (standard deviation of beat-by-beat time series of SAP) was lower in SHR+DM (3.1±0.2 mmHg) than in SHR (5.7±0.6 mmHg). The standard deviation of the PI was similar between groups. Diabetes reduced the LF of SAP (3.3±0.8 vs. 28.7±7.6 mmHg2 in SHR), while HF of SAP were unchanged. The power of oscillatory components of PI did not differ between groups.
CONCLUSIONS:These results show that the association of hypertension and diabetes causes an impairment of the peripheral cardiovascular sympathetic modulation that could be, at least in part, responsible for the reduction in AP levels. Moreover, this study demonstrates that diabetes might actually impair the reduced buffer function of the baroreceptors while reducing blood pressure.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a modulação autonômica do sistema cardiovascular em ratos espontâneamente hipertensos (SHR) e diabéticos por estreptozotocina (STZ), avaliando a sensibilidade do reflexo barorreceptor e a variabilidade da pressão arterial e da freqüência cardíaca.
MÉTODOS:Ratos SHR machos foram divididos em grupos controle (SHR) e diabéticos (SHR+DM, 5 dias após STZ). A pressão arterial (PA) e a sensibilidade dos barorreceptores (avaliada pelas respostas taquicárdicas e bradicárdicas a alterações da PA) foram monitoradas. Os sinais de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e o intervalo de pulso (IP) foram analisados no domínio do tempo e da freqüência pelo método autoregressivo sendo quantificados os componentes oscilatórios de baixa (BF: 0,2-0,6Hz) e alta (AF:0,6-3,0Hz) freqüência.
RESULTADOS:A PA média e a freqüência cardíaca estavam reduzidas no grupo SHR+DM (131±3 mmHg e 276±6 bpm) em relação ao grupo SHR (160±7 mmHg e 330±8 bpm). A bradicardia reflexa a aumentos de PA estava atenuada no grupo SHR+DM quando comparada ao grupo SHR (0,55±0,1 vs 0,97±0,1 bpm/mmHg). A variabilidade da PAS no domínio do tempo (desvio padrão batimento-a-batimento da série temporal da PAS) foi menor no grupo SHR+DM (3,1±0,2 mmHg) quando comparada ao grupo SHR (5,7±0,6 mmHg). O desvio padrão do IP foi semelhante entre os grupos. O diabetes reduziu o componente BF da PAS (3,3±0,8 vs 28,7±7,6 mmHg2 no SHR), mas não alterou o componente AF da PAS. Em relação aos componentes oscilatórios do IP não houve diferença entre os grupos.
CONCLUSÕES:Estes resultados sugerem que a associação de hipertensão e diabetes causa uma importante diminuição da modulação simpática cardiovascular periférica que poderia, pelo menos em parte, ser responsável pela redução da PA. Além disso, este estudo demonstra que o diabetes pode, de fato, piorar a já reduzida função de tamponamento dos barorreceptores ao mesmo tempo em que reduz a pressão arterial.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide health problem, because its prevalence has been on the rise during the past few decades and because of the high levels of morbidity and mortality of this disease. The high morbidity and mortality of DM is derived from chronic micro and macrovascular complications,1 as well as alterations in the autonomic neural control of the cardiovascular system.2,3 Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of DM that has been found not only in clinical but also in animal models of DM.2,4 Studies performed in our laboratory on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats showed that they present long-lasting changes in blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic cardiovascular reflexes.5–8 Using a pharmacological blockade, we demonstrated a reduction in vagal tone and maintenance of sympathetic tone to the heart, suggesting the presence of cardiac vagal neuropathy in STZ-induced DM.6,9
Several methods have been introduced to evaluate cardiac autonomic neuropathy in clinical and experimental diabetes. Methods to quantify heart rate and arterial pressure variability have emerged as useful tools to evaluate sympathetic a parasympathetic modulation of the cardiovascular system in humans10 and experimental models.11–15 These methods are able to detect early abnormalities in the autonomic modulation of the cardiovascular system.16–19 When evaluated in the time domain, the heart rate variability was reduced in chronic STZ-diabetic rats.12,20 In another study, Fazan et al.19 observed reduction in the arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) variability, measured either as the standard deviation or by spectral analysis in chronic STZ-diabetic rats. In humans with DM, spectral analysis of HR disclosed significant changes in the cardiovascular variability in the frequency domain, which were apparent even before changes in all other standard cardiovascular parameters.17
Administration of STZ is a well-established method to induce diabetes in rodents,21 producing a number of cardiovascular changes such as hypotension, bradycardia, decreased AP variability, and impairment of the reflex control of circulation.4,19,22,23 Since the administration of STZ to Wistar rats induces a diabetic state that is not accompanied by hypertension,11 its use in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) can produce an animal model more closely related to human diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the autonomic modulation of the cardiovascular function in STZ-induced diabetic SHR, by studying the blood pressure and heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains (spectral analysis), and also evaluating the cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in this model.
MATERIALS AND METHODSExperiments were performed in male SHR weighing 250-270g. The animals were housed in individual cages with free access to water and food, at a constant temperature of 23°C, on a 12-hour light/dark cycle. All experimental protocols were in accordance with the Guidelines for Ethical Care of Experimental Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg, i.v., Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in 0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5, administered 5 days before the experiments in SHR (SHR+DM, n=7). The control SHR group (SHR, n=7) was injected with citrate buffer alone. The rats were fasted for 8h before STZ or vehicle injection.21
One day before the experiments, arterial and venous catheters were placed in the right femoral artery and vein under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (40 mg/kg, IP, Cristalia, SP, Brazil) for the direct measurement of AP and drug administration, respectively. The catheters were exteriorized through the back of the neck.
The experiments consisted in continuously recording AP (30 minutes) via a transducer (P23Db, Gould-Statham) connected to the arterial catheter. Rats were conscious and moved freely during the experiments. The signal was fed into an amplifier (GPA-4 model 2, Stemtech Inc.) and a 16-channel analog-to-digital interface, and continuously sampled (2 kHz) in an IBM/PC. Increasing doses of phenylephrine (0.05 to 0.8 µg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (5 to 20 µg/kg) were given as sequential bolus injections (0.1 mL) to produce changes in AP ranging from 5 to 30 mmHg. Injections were not repeated until the recorded parameters had returned to pre-injection levels. Then, beat-to-beat values of systolic, diastolic and mean AP were identified and HR or pulse interval (PI) was calculated as the interval between successive systolic pressure values by using the computer software CODAS (Dataq, Inc).
Baroreflex sensitivity, expressed as bpm/mmHg, was evaluated by means of the index relating reflex changes in HR due to the changes in mean AP (MAP), as described elsewhere.24 At the end of the AP recordings, a blood sample was collected for glucose measurement (Advantage, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and then the animals were killed by pentobarbital overdose.
The overall variability of the PI and systolic AP (SAP) in the time domain was assessed by the standard deviation of the time series. Furthermore, PI and SAP fluctuations were assessed in the frequency domain by means of autoregressive spectral estimation. The theoretical and analytical procedures for autoregressive modeling of oscillatory components have been fully described previously.10,13–15,25,26 Briefly, the PI and SAP series derived from each recording were divided into 300-beat segments with a 50% overlap. The spectra of each segment were calculated via the Levinson-Durbin recursion, and the order of the model chosen according to Akaike's criterion, with the oscillatory components quantified in low (LF: 0.2 to 0.6 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.6 to 3.0 Hz) ranges.
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Comparisons between the two groups were performed using Student's unpaired t tests. Pearson correlation was used to study association between variables. The significance level was established as P < 0.05.
RESULTSBlood glucose levels were remarkably higher (p<0.05) in SHR+DM (248±23 mg/dL) as compared to SHR (86±5.5 mg/dL), showing the efficacy of the experimental diabetes induction. Body weight was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the diabetic (214±2 g) compared to the non-diabetic SHR group (255±4 g, p<0.05).
Diabetic-SHR showed lower MAP and HR (131±3 mmHg and 276±6 bpm) as compared to SHR (160±7 mmHg and 330±8 bpm). Reflex bradycardic response to phenylephrine administration was also lower in SHR+DM (0.55±0.10 bpm/mmHg) than in SHR (0.97±0.10 bpm/mmHg, Figure 1B). Nevertheless, no differences were found in the reflex tachycardia elicited by decreasing MAP due to sodium nitroprusside in both groups (1.55±0.20 vs. 1.54±0.26 bpm/mmHg, for SHR+DM and SHR, respectively) (Figure 1B). Correlation analysis involving all animals showed a significant inverse relationship between reflex bradycardia sensitivity and the blood glucose level (r = 0.70, p < 0.01, Figure 1D).
A- Average values of power spectral density (mmHg2) in the low (LF:0.2-0.6Hz) and high (HF:0.6-3.0Hz) frequency bands of systolic arterial pressure variability in SHR (white bars) and SHR+DM (black bars); B-Baroreflex index (bpm/mmHg) of bradycardic (BR) and tachycardic (TR) responses to arterial pressure changes in SHR (white bars) and SHR+DM (black bars); C- Negative correlation obtained by linear regression between power of low-frequency of systolic arterial pressure (LF-SAP, mmHg2) and glycemia (mg/dL) using data from both groups; D- Negative correlation obtained by linear regression between the bradycardic response (BR, bpm/mmHg) and glycemia (mg/dL) using data from both groups. *P<0.05 SHR vs. SHR+DM.
The standard deviation of PI did not differ between the groups studied (6.2±0.7 vs. 4.9±0.3 ms, for SHR+DM and SHR, respectively). On the other hand, the standard deviation of SAP was lower in SHR+DM (3.1±0.2 mmHg) as compared to the SHR (5.7±0.6 mmHg, p<0.05) (Figure 1A).
Figure 2 shows representative spectra of PI and SAP from each group. As expected, the spectra presented two distinct oscillatory components, one in low (~ 0.4 Hz) and one in high (~ 1.5 Hz) frequency bands. The magnitude of the oscillations for each group is described in Table 1. We found no differences in the power of the oscillatory components in the PI spectra either for SHR+DM and SHR. Nevertheless, the SAP LF oscillation of the SHR+DM group was remarkably attenuated (~85%) as compared to SHR (Table 1 and Figure 1A). There was no difference in HF oscillations of SAP between groups. Furthermore, the power of the SAP LF component was inversely correlated to the blood glucose level (r = 0.63, p<0.05, Figure 1C), indicating a clear relationship between increased blood glucose and the power of the LF component of the SAP spectrum.
Spectral parameters of pulse interval (PI) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities in non-diabetic (SHR) and in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR+DM).
| PI | SHR (n=07) | SHR+DM (n=07) |
|---|---|---|
| LF peak (Hz) | 0.39±0.03 | 0.55±0.03 |
| LF absolute (ms2) | 1.5±0.8 | 1.0±0.2 |
| LF (%) | 7.2±3.1 | 4.3±0.8 |
| HF peak (Hz) | 1.51±0.07 | 1.41±0.03 |
| HF absolute (ms2) | 15.7±2.0 | 29.1±7.2 |
| HF (%) | 92.8±3.1 | 95.7±0.8 |
| SAP | ||
| LF peak (Hz) | 0.34±0.02 | 0.41±0.02 |
| LF absolute (mmHg2) | 28.2±7.6 | 3.30±0.8* |
| LF (%) | 81.0±4.6 | 42.1±6.4* |
| HF peak (Hz) | 1.51±0.08 | 1.41±0.03 |
| HF absolute (mmHg2) | 4.1±0.6 | 3.5±0.3 |
| HF (%) | 19.0±4.6 | 57.9±6.4* |
Values are mean ± SEM. LF = low frequency; HF = high frequency.
This study demonstrated that the induction of diabetes in the SHR enhances abnormalities usually seen in both animal models individually, i.e. spontaneous hypertension and STZ-induced diabetes. Using spectral analysis approaches, we found decreased arterial pressure variability in STZ-treated SHR. Moreover, the well-documented impairment of heart rate baroreflex control previously observed in SHR27 further depressed in diabetic-hypertensive rats.
Although of short duration (5 days), the diabetic state induced by STZ in spontaneously hypertensive rats produced hyperglycemia associated with a decrease in body weight. As previously described in normotensive rats,5–9,11,20 STZ treatment led to a decreased MAP and HR. However, in the present study, blood pressure values were still kept at hypertensive levels in the diabetic-SHR. The mechanisms involved in these alterations have not been completely understood. Osmotic diuresis causing hypovolemia or myocardial dysfunction reducing contractile force are putative mechanisms of the lower blood pressure observed in the normotensive STZ-diabetic rat.9,28,29 The recent observation of enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to increased production of prostaglandin I2 and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in short-term STZ-diabetic mice is another mechanism that could contribute to hypotension in this similar animal model.30
The bradycardia found in SHR+DM may be related to decreased sympathetic nerve activity and/or reduced density of myocardial b-adrenergic receptors, as well as to functional changes in cardiac cholinergic mechanisms,31,32 although these authors did not study hypertensive animals, as we did. Indeed, studies from our laboratory performing vagal and sympathetic blockade suggest changes in basal spontaneous pacemaker.6 There is evidence suggesting that both sympathetic and parasympathetic function to the heart were reduced after STZ administration.6
In analyzing the alterations that occurred in arterial pressure and heart rate variability using spectral analysis approaches, we observed that the heart rate variability did not change with short-term STZ treatment in hypertensive rats. In fact, decreased heart rate variability has been reported only after long-lasting diabetes in normotensive rats using either time domain or spectral analysis.12,19,20 On the other hand, we showed reduced arterial pressure variability in the SHR+DM, with reduction in the standard deviation (~67%) and also in the power of the low frequency oscillations of SAP (~85%). Similarly, we have previously demonstrated decreased MAP variability in experimental normotensive diabetic rats.11,23 It is well-known that in humans and in rat animal models, the low frequency oscillations of blood pressure correspond to the influence of the sympathetic fibers acting on the cardiovascular system.16,33,34 This reduced sympathetic influence on blood vessels could explain, at least in part, the lower blood pressure and its variability found in this SHR+DM group.
Moreover, changes in the low frequency oscillations may be related to alterations in baroreflex function.35 Indeed, our data show that diabetes induced a blunted baroreflex-mediated bradycardia in hypertensive rats, whereas reflex tachycardia remained unchanged. It is well known that spontaneous hypertension in rats is associated with a depressed baroreflex control of heart rate not only during MAP increases, but also during MAP decreases.27 This study demonstrated, for the first time, that diabetes might even further impair the reduced buffer function of the baroreceptors while reducing blood pressure.
The inverse correlation observed between either reflex bradycardic sensitivity or the power of LF oscillations of SAP and blood glucose levels reinforce the crucial role of metabolic changes in cardiovascular disorders in this animal model. Our laboratory observed similar results in a previous study, which demonstrated that heart rate and MAP variability were strongly correlated with urinary and plasmatic glucose.11,23
Sympathetic hyperactivity associated with reduced cardiac vagal function and blunted baroreflex sensitivity has been shown in SHR,27,36 while depressed baroreflex sensitivity and changes in intrinsic heart rate have been reported in STZ-diabetic rats.5,6 In the present study, the association of hypertension and diabetes seemed not to significantly change the previously observed impairment of the cardiac function in normotensive diabetic rats.4 In fact, Balbinott et al.20 showed that diabetes associated with hypertension induced by nitric oxide blockade determined similar results in cardiovascular system. Thus, the cardiovascular deficit observed in hypertensive-diabetic animals can be attributed at least in part to changes in the nitric oxide system. Indeed, in contrast to the usually observed increase in the arterial pressure variability of hypertension, diabetes induced a marked decrease in blood pressure variability. These results are in agreement with the concept that, in hypertension, there might be a shift in autonomic drive in favor of sympathetic excitatory drive mechanisms that was reduced by diabetes.26 In this context, the significant inverse correlation between the systolic arterial pressure LF and blood glucose values observed in the present study supports the idea that the metabolic derangement of diabetes, in association with hypertension, is associated with autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular impairment characterized by the uncoupling of heart rate and blood pressure. These findings cannot exclude, however, the participation of other central or peripheral control mechanisms in the pathophysiology of hypertension and diabetes association.
This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, 00/12680-6 and 05/60828-6), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and EJ Zerbini Foundation.