Many changes in mucosal morphology are observed following ileal pouch construction, including colonic metaplasia and dysplasia. Additionally, one rare but potential complication is the development of adenocarcinoma of the reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequently observed histopathological changes in ileal pouches and to correlate these changes with potential risk factors for complications.
METHODS:A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into the following three groups: a non-pouchitis group (group 1) (n = 20; 8 males; mean age: 47.5 years) demonstrating optimal outcome; a pouchitis without antibiotics group (group 2) (n = 14; 4 males; mean age: 47 years), containing individuals with pouchitis who did not receive treatment with antibiotics; and a pouchitis plus antibiotics group (group 3) (n = 7; 3 males; mean age: 41 years), containing those patients with pouchitis who were administered antibiotics. Ileal pouch endoscopy was performed, and tissue biopsy samples were collected for histopathological analysis.
RESULTS:Colonic metaplasia was found in 15 (36.6%) of the 41 patients evaluated; of these, five (25%) were from group 1, eight (57.1%) were from group 2, and two (28.6%) were from group 3. However, no correlation was established between the presence of metaplasia and pouchitis (p = 0.17). and no differences in mucosal atrophy or the degree of chronic or acute inflammation were observed between groups 1, 2, and 3 (p>0.45). Moreover, no dysplasia or neoplastic changes were detected. However, the degree of mucosal atrophy correlated well with the time of postoperative follow-up (p = 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:The degree of mucosal atrophy, the presence of colonic metaplasia, and the degree of acute or chronic inflammation do not appear to constitute risk factors for the development of pouchitis. Moreover, we observed that longer postoperative follow-up times were associated with greater degrees of mucosal atrophy.
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the gold standard procedure for the treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), as well as ulcerative colitis (UC) that is refractory to clinical treatment. This procedure reduces the inconvenience of the diarrhea associated with direct ileoanal anastomosis while preserving sphincter function. In the case of the UC, this technique has become the most widely used elective surgical procedure (1).
However, IPAA is not free of complications; nonspecific inflammation of the ileal pouch, or pouchitis, is the most common long-term complication, with an incidence ranging from 14 to 59% (2–12).
Although the physiopathology of pouchitis remains controversial, there is strong evidence that this condition represents a reactivation of UC. In particular, pouchitis occurs almost exclusively in patients who underwent IPAA for UC, rather than for FAP (7,12,13), which suggests an autoimmune etiology for this condition in genetically predisposed individuals. Other factors in support of this theory include the existence of extra-intestinal events associated with an increased risk of developing pouchitis (3,9,14) and the endoscopic and histopathological similarities observed between patients with pouchitis and those with UC (15,16).
There is also an increased risk for the development of pouchitis in female patients (6) and in those with extensive or severe UC (7), extra-intestinal manifestations (3,9,14), early disease onset (3), the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10), gene polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 receptor and TNF-1 antagonists (11) and the presence of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) (17). Additionally, colonic metaplasia is a common histopathological finding for the ileal pouch and is observed in approximately 50% of patients with pouchitis and approximately 18% of patients undergoing IPAA without pouchitis (18).
In addition, it was observed that the occurrence of pouchitis, particularly in its chronic course, appears to increase the risk of the development of adenocarcinoma of the ileal pouch according to the sequence of atrophy-dysplasia-carcinoma (19–21). Furthermore, it was found that up to 71% of ileal pouches with severe atrophy develop dysplasia, which is in contrast to cases of discrete atrophy that generally do not develop dysplastic changes (22).
This study sought to characterize the most frequent histopathological changes of ileal pouches and to correlate these changes with potential risk factors for the development of pouchitis.
PATIENTS AND METHODSPatientsThis study included 41 patients who underwent IPAA for UC between 1985 and 2006 at the Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) in the Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery. The ileal J-pouch technique was used according to the description provided by Utsunomiya et al. (23).
A total of 15 men and 26 women with a mean age of 46.2 (range: 23 to 66) years were included in the study. The mean time-course of the disease was 190 (range: 15 to 312) months, and the mean duration of the postoperative follow-up period was 141.7 (range: 24 to 276) months. A total of 33 patients retained a temporary ileostomy for an average period of 22.3 (range: 1 to 168) months, whereas eight patients underwent a single surgery with primary anastomosis.
The pouchitis disease activity index (PDAI), which was previously used by Sandborn et al. (24), was adopted to define the presence or absence of pouchitis in patients based on clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological criteria.
Thus, the patients were divided into the following three groups: the non-pouchitis group (NP), containing individuals without pouchitis at the time of evaluation (n = 20); the pouchitis/no antibiotics group (PNA), containing individuals with pouchitis who were not administered antibiotics (n = 14); and the pouchitis plus antibiotics group (PA), including patients who had pouchitis and were administered antibiotics (n = 7).
The research project was approved by the CAPPESQ (Commission for Ethics Review of Research Projects) of the HCFMUSP under protocol number 1162/07. All included patients signed an informed consent form prior to participation.
METHODSEndoscopic evaluation of the ileal pouchAll patients underwent an endoscopic evaluation of the ileal pouch (using a sterile rigid rectoscope for children) with no prior bowel preparation. The endoscopic assessment of the ileal pouch was performed and analyzed according to the PDAI (24).
Histopathological assessmentAfter the luminal contents were aspirated, two biopsies were taken from areas of major inflammation, if present, and care was taken to avoid suture lines and stapling. The fragments were then sent for histopathological assessment. Three pathologists participated in the study, and in addition to the criteria of the PDAI previously cited (24), these individuals described the histological patterns observed in accordance with the following criteria: the degree of acute inflammation, the degree of chronic inflammation, the degree of activity, the presence of colonic metaplasia, the degree of atrophy of the mucosa and the degree of malignancy. These data are shown in Table 1.
Graduation and criteria adopted for the histopathological characterization of ileal pouches.
| Histopathological Change | Graduation |
|---|---|
| Degree of chronic inflammation (eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic) | Mild (0) |
| Moderate (1) | |
| Intense (2) | |
| Degree of acute inflammation (polymorphonuclear granulocytes) | Absent (0) |
| Mild (1) | |
| Moderate (2) | |
| Intense (3) | |
| Degree of activity | Absent (0) |
| Acute cryptitis (1) | |
| Crypt microabscesses (2) | |
| Erosion or ulceration (3) | |
| Presence of colonic metaplasia | Absent (0) |
| Present (1) | |
| Degree of mucosal atrophy | Absent (0) |
| Distortion of crypts (1) | |
| Atrophy of crypts (2) | |
| Degree of malignancy (cytoarchitectural atypia) | Mild (0) |
| Low grade (1) | |
| High degree (2) | |
| Intramucosal Carcinoma (3) | |
| Invasive Carcinoma (4) |
An un-paired T-test was used for the histopathological analysis of the three groups. Furthermore, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied to the NP, PNA, and PA groups to evaluate both the duration of the disease (p = 0.661, 0.589, and 0.442, respectively) and the postoperative follow-up period (p = 0.389, 0.051, and 0.218, respectively). Next, an ANOVA was performed on the same groups, which led us to conclude that these three groups were homogeneous in terms of both the duration of the disease (p = 0.222) and the postoperative follow-up period (p = 0.139). Additionally, p<0.05 was defined as the threshold of significance.
RESULTSHistopathological evaluation of biopsiesAccording to the histopathological biopsy results, we observed that longer post-operative follow-up times were associated with a greater degree of mucosal atrophy (p = 0.055). However, there was no correlation between this histopathological change and the elapsed disease time (p = 0.5632). These data are presented in Table 2.
Correlation between elapsed times of disease and post-operative follow-up with the degree of mucosal atrophy.
| Degree of mucosal atrophy | Elapsed time of disease | Elapsed time of post-operative follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | Standard error | p-value | Average | Standard error | p-value | |
| 0 | 184.6154 | 13.28076 | 0.5632 | 126.0000 | 12.75617 | 0.0552 |
| 1 | 199.6875 | 22.04535 | 162.0000 | 12.96148 | ||
The histopathological pattern observed in healthy ileal pouches is shown below in Figure 1, whereas atrophy of the mucosa is illustrated in Figure 2.
Colonic metaplasia was observed in 15 (36.6%) of the 41 patients evaluated; of these, five (25%) were from the NP group, eight (57.1%) were from the PNA group, and two (28.6%) were from the PA group. No dysplasias or neoplastic changes were observed.
In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between the three groups with regard to the degree of mucosal atrophy (p = 0.5203) (Figure 2); the presence of colonic metaplasia (p = 0.1697) (Figure 3); the degree of acute inflammation (p = 0.4434) (Figure 4); and the degree of chronic inflammation (p = 0.9999).
There were also no significant correlations between colonic metaplasia and elapsed disease time (p = 0.4670) or elapsed post-operative follow-up time (p = 0.2041) and between the degree of chronic inflammation and the degree of mucosal atrophy (p = 0.2396), the presence of colonic metaplasia (p = 0.8275), elapsed disease time (p = 0.2031) or elapsed post-operative follow-up time (p = 0.4980).
DISCUSSIONSince its first description in 1978 by Parks and Nicholls (25), the ileal pouch technique has been widely used to achieve sphincter preservation and a reduction in the number of bowel movements in patients undergoing total proctocolectomy. Apart from its contraindications (acute complicated diseases, sphincter dysfunction, malnutrition or coexistence of cancer of the middle or distal portion of the rectum or anus), this technique has become the most widely used elective surgical procedure for patients with UC (1).
Prior to the introduction of the ileal pouch, patients underwent either the permanent ileostomy of Brooke (26) or ileoanal anastomosis and experienced a consequently high number of daily bowel movements. The first pouch technique, described by Parks and Nicholls, uses three folds of small intestine that are formed into an “S” shape. Subsequently, other ileal pouch techniques have been described, such as the isoperistaltic loop technique of Fonkalsrud and Ament (27), which uses four loops shaped into a “W”, that described by Lubowski and Nicholls (28), and the “J” pouch described by Utsunomiya (23), which was the technique employed in the current study.
Clinically, pouchitis is characterized by watery diarrhea, an increased number of bowel movements, abdominal pain, fecal urgency, incontinence, fever, malaise, and in certain cases, intestinal bleeding. This disorder can also be accompanied by extra-intestinal manifestations of UC. Acute or chronic forms can be observed, although the acute forms are more common (29). Additionally, recurrent episodes are reported at variable rates, ranging from 24.6 (7) to 66% (12).
We used the PDAI criteria in our study because we believed that appropriate diagnostic tests for pouchitis should be performed, including endoscopic examination, biopsy, and histopathological analysis. It has previously been shown that the diagnoses of as many as 25% of patients with the typical symptoms of pouchitis are not confirmed endoscopically or histopathologically (8). Differential diagnoses are important to rule out other inflammatory (e.g., cuffitis, Crohn's disease, certain infections of the pouch) and non-inflammatory conditions (e.g., decreased complacency, irritable pouch syndrome, stenosis, a long efferent loop, decreased emptying, pelvic floor dysfunction or adhesions) (10,30).
A previous study correlated the presence of colonic metaplasia with inflammation of the ileal pouch and suggested that villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia predominantly represent a reparative response to the construction of the ileal pouch. In addition, the absence of metaplasia in pouches constructed by FAP would suggest that such a transformation of the mucosa is attributable to both the basic disease, as well as to adaptive responses to anatomical conformation (31).
However, our study did not confirm an association between colonic metaplasia and the presence of pouchitis. However, we did observe a correlation between mucosal atrophy and the duration of post-operative follow-up, regardless of the presence of pouchitis, and this finding is contrary to that of Apel et al., which suggested that the presence of villous atrophy does not increase with elapsed disease time (32). Thus, additional factors besides fecal stasis and bacterial proliferation are likely involved in the adaptive process of the ileal pouch mucosa, as preliminary studies have suggested (33).
Trovato et al. (34) assessed ileal pouches using either confocal laser endomicroscopy in vivo or conventional histopathological analysis and found incidences of colonic metaplasia of 67.7% and 83.3%, respectively, as well as an incidence of villous atrophy of 83.3% using both techniques. In our study, both colonic metaplasia and villous atrophy were observed in 36.6% of patients, and no dysplasia was detected in either study.
Although the neoplastic transformation process was not the focus of our study, we considered the complete histopathological characterization of the ileal pouch to be relevant, including the detection of pre-neoplastic changes. Although rare, adenocarcinoma of the reservoir has been described and is thought to be a consequence of atrophic chronic pouchitis. It has also been assumed that persistent inflammation of the pouch may result in malignant degeneration to resemble what occurs in the inflamed colon. Additionally, there are reports of the development of adenocarcinomas in the ileal pouch mucosa that exhibit intense chronic inflammation and atrophy without a prior history of neoplasms or other risk factors (19,35,36).
No dysplasia or ileal pouch neoplasia was detected in our patients, which is consistent with the results of most previous studies (37–41). The study by Kariv et al. (42) evaluated 3,203 patients with ileal pouches and found dysplasia and adenocarcinoma incidences of 0.72% and 0.36%, respectively. However, the only parameters that these authors considered to represent risk factors for ileal pouch neoplasia were a preoperative diagnosis of dysplasias or adenocarcinomas of the colon or rectum.
The study by M´Koma et al. (43) reviewed 12 studies from retrospective case series and 15 case reports and observed the following risk factors for the neoplastic transformation of ileal pouches: pouchitis, preoperative dysplasia or cancer, an interval greater than 10 years from the onset of UC, type C mucosal changes of the pouch mucosa, extra-intestinal manifestations and prior treatment with the stapled anastomotic technique. Pouch-related cancer did not occur in any of these patients within 10 years of the diagnosis of UC.
Thus, early postoperative endoscopic surveillance is generally not justified for these patients. However, for pouch patients with longer postoperative times, it would be interesting to perform routine endoscopic examinations, even in asymptomatic patients, to pursue mucosal atrophy due to the typical sequence of atrophic pouchitis - dysplasia – adenocarcinoma (19–21).
The degree of mucosal atrophy, the presence of colonic metaplasia and the degree of acute or chronic inflammation do not appear to constitute risk factors for the development of pouchitis. Moreover, we found that longer postoperative follow-up times were associated with greater degrees of mucosal atrophy.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSArashiro RTG designed the project, collected data and wrote the paper. Teixeira MG designed the project and wrote and revised the paper. Rawet V designed the project, examined the slides and revised the paper. Quintanilha AG designed the project and revised the paper. De Paula HM and Silva ZA examined the slides. Nahas SC and Cecconello I revised the paper.
No potential conflict of interest was reported.