Información del artículo
En los últimos años ha habido importantes novedades en el campo de las infecciones de transmisión sexual como la secuenciación del genoma de Treponema pallidum, de Chlamydia trachomatis o de Mycoplasma genitalium; la reclasificación taxonómica de Calymmatobacterium granulomatis; la implantación de sistemas comerciales de diagnóstico basados en la amplificación de ácidos nucleicos; la aparición de resistencias a quinolonas en Neisseria gonorrhoeae; nuevos esquemas de actuación en las candidiasis vulvovaginales que incluyen compuestos como el ácido bórico; la demostración que valaciclovir reduce la transmisibilidad del herpes genital o el empleo de inmunomoduladores en las verrugas genitales, y que constituyen el objetivo entre otros de esta revisión. Por razones de espacio, y por constituir unidades con cierta independencia, no se abordan cuestiones relativas al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ni a las hepatitis virales.
Palabras clave:
Infecciones de transmisión sexual
Epidemiología
Diagnóstico
Tratamiento
In the last years, there have been important advances in sexually transmitted infections such as genome sequencing of Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium; the new taxonomic position of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis; commercial diagnostic systems based on nucleic acid amplification; the emergence of quinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae; new therapeutic approaches in vulvovaginal candidiasis that include boric acid; the demonstration that valacyclovir reduces the risk of transmission of genital herpes or the availability of immune-response modifier in the treatment of genital warts, and that are questions in the goal of this review. Viral hepatitis and HIV were no reviewed by space reasons.
Key words:
Sexually transmitted infections
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A. García Pérez, E. Del Río de la Torre.
Los orígenes de la enseñanza de la Dermatología en España.
Actas Dermosifilogr, 88 (1997), pp. 421-433
[2.]
R. Castejón Bolea.
La aparición de la Dermatología y Venereología como disciplina médica en España.
Rev Intern Dermatol & Dermocosm Clin, 3 (2000), pp. 444-449
[3.]
A.C. Gerbase, J.T. Rowley, D.H.L. Heymann, S.F. Berkley, P. Piot.
Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs.
Sex Trans Infect, (1998), pp. 512-516
[4.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51 (2002),
[6.]
P.C. Van Voorst Vader, K.W. Radcliffe.
European guideline for the organization of a consultation for sexually transmitted diseases.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 4-6
[7.]
J. Thorvaldsen.
European guideline for testing for HIV infection.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 7-13
[8.]
B.T. Goh.
Van Voorst Vader PC. European guideline for the management of syphilis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 14-26
[9.]
C.J. Bignell.
European guideline for the management of gonorrhoea.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 27-29
[10.]
A. Stary.
European guideline for the management of chlamydial infection.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 30-33
[11.]
R. Patel, S.E. Barton, D. Brown, F.M. Cowan, G.R. Kinghorn, P.E. Munday, et al.
European guideline for the management of genital herpes.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 34-39
[12.]
G. Von Krogh, C.J. Lacey, G. Gross, R. Barrasso, A. Schneider.
European guideline for the management of anogenital warts.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 40-47
[13.]
M.G. Brook.
European guideline for the management of hepatitis B and C virus infections.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 48-57
[14.]
G.R. Scott.
European guideline for the management of scabies.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 58-61
[15.]
G.R. Scott.
European guideline for the management of pediculosis pubis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 62
[16.]
P.J. Horner.
European guideline for the management of urethritis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 63-67
[17.]
S.K. Edwards.
European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 68-72
[18.]
J. Sherrard.
European guideline for the management of vaginal discharge.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 73-77
[19.]
R.W. Roest, W.I. Van der Meijden.
European guideline for the management of tropical genito-ulcerative diseases.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 78-83
[20.]
J.D. Ross.
European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease and perihepatitis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 84-87
[21.]
P.J. Horner.
European guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis and syndromic management of acute scrotal swelling.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 88-93
[22.]
E.M. Carlin, A.C. Keat.
European guideline for the management of sexually acquired reactive arthritis.
Int J STD AIDS, 12 (2001), pp. 94-102
[23.]
C.M. Fraser, S.J. Norris, G.M. Weinstock, O. White, G.G. Sutton, R. Dodson, et al.
Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete.
Science, 281 (1998), pp. 375-388
[24.]
R.S. Stephens, S. Kalman, C. Lammel, J. Fan, R. Marathe, L. Aravind, et al.
Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis.
Science, 282 (1998), pp. 754-759
[25.]
M.M. Hobbs, M.J. Leonardi, F.R. Zaretzky, T.H. Wang, T.H. Kawula.
Organization of the Haemophilus ducreyi 35000 chromosome.
Microbiology, 142 (1996), pp. 2587-2594
[26.]
J.I. Glass, E.J. Lefkowitz, J.S. Glass, C.R. Heiner, E.Y. Chen, G.H. Cassell.
The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Nature, 407 (2000), pp. 757-762
[27.]
C.M. Fraser, J.D. Gocayne, O. White, M.D. Adams, R.A. Clayton, R.D. Fleischmann, et al.
The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium.
Science, 270 (1995), pp. 397-403
[28.]
C.M. Black, S.A. Morse.
The use of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and epidemiologic study of sexually transmitted infections.
Curr Infect Dis Reports, 2 (2000), pp. 31-43
[29.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections-2000.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51 (2002), pp. 1-40
[30.]
D.A. Grimes, K.F. Schiltz.
Uses and abuses of screening tests.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 881-884
[31.]
J.M. Zenilman, W.C. Miller, C. Gaydos, S.M. Rogers, F. Tuner.
LCR testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia in populations surveys and other screenings of low prevalence populations: coping with decreased positive predictive value.
Sex Transm Infect, 79 (2003), pp. 94-97
[32.]
A.R. Katz, P.V. Effler, R.G. Ohye, B. Brouillet, M.V. Lee, P.M. Whiticar.
False-positive gonorrhea test results with a nucleic acid amplification test: The impact of low prevalence on positive predictive value.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 814-819
[33.]
WHO/Global Program on AIDS. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted diseases: overview and estimates.
WHO/GPA/ STD, 1 (1995), pp. 1-26
[34.]
J.A. Varela, L. Otero, M.J. García, V. Palacio, F. Carreño, M. Cuesta, et al.
Trends in the prevalence of pathogens causing urethritis in Asturias, Spain, 1989-2000.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 280-283
[35.]
J.A. Varela, L. Otero, M.aJ. García, V. Palacio, F. Vázquez.
Prevalencia de Chlamydia trachomatis en población de riesgo de Asturias [carta].
Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 368-369
[36.]
J.F. Peipert.
Clinical practice. Genital chlamydial infections.
N Engl J Med, 349 (2003), pp. 2424-2430
[37.]
pp. 379
[38.]
L.A. Cosentino, D.V. Landers, S.L. Hillier.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by strand displacement amplification and relevance of the amplification control for use with vaginal swab specimens.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 3592-3596
[39.]
J. Schachter, W.M. McCormack, M.A. Chernesky, D.H. Martin, B. Van Der Pol, P.A. Rice, et al.
Vaginal swabs are appropriate specimens for diagnosis of genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 3784-3789
[40.]
J. Moncada, J.M. Chow, J. Schachter.
Volume effect on sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from females.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 4842-4843
[41.]
M.A. Shafer, J. Moncada, C.B. Boyer, K. Betsinger, S.D. Flinn, J. Schachter.
Comparing first-void urine specimens, self-collected vaginal swabs, and endocervical specimens to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a nucleic acid amplification test.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 4395-4399
[42.]
W.H. Goessens, J.W. Mouton, W.I. Van der Meijden, S. Deelen, T.H. Van Rijsoort-Vos, Vos N. Lemmens-den Vos, et al.
Comparison ot three commercially available amplification assays, AMP CT LCx, and COBAS AMPLICOR, for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in first-void urine.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 2628-2633
[43.]
O. Steingrimsson, K. Jonsdottir, J.H. Olafsson, S.M. Karlsson, R. Palsdottir, S. Davidsson.
Comparison of Roche Cobas Amplicor and Abbott LCx for the rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in specimens from high-risk patients.
Sex Transm Dis, 25 (1998), pp. 44-48
[44.]
M.A. Chernesky, S. Chong, D. Jang, K. Luinstra, J. Sellors, J.B. Mahony.
Ability of commercial ligase chain reaction and PCR assays to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men by testing first-void urine.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 982-984
[45.]
J.D. Davis, P.K. Riley, C.W. Peters, K.H. Rand.
A comparison of ligase chain reaction to polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections.
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, 6 (1998), pp. 57-60
[46.]
R. Pasternack, P. Vuorinen, T. Pitkajarvi, M. Koskela, A. Miettinen.
Comparison of manual Amplicor PCR, Cobas Amplicor PCR, and LCx assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women by using urine specimens.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 402-405
[47.]
M. Puolakkainen, E. Hiltunen-Back, T. Reunala, S. Suhonen, P. Lahteenmaki, M. Lehtinen, et al.
Comparison of performances of two commercially available tests, a PCR assay and ligase chain reaction test, in detection of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 1489-1493
[48.]
A. Stary, E. Schuh, M. Kerschbaumer, B. Gotz, H. Lee.
Performance of transcription- mediated amplification and ligase chain reaction assays for detection of chlamydial infection in urogenital samples obtained by invasive and non-invasive methods.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 2666-2670
[49.]
E.W. Hook, K. Smith, C. Mullen, J. Stephens, L. Rinehardt, M.S. Pate, et al.
Diagnosis of genitourinary Chlamydia trachomatis infections by using the ligase chain reaction on patient-obtained vaginal swabs.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 2133-2135
[50.]
M. Polaneczky, C. Quigley, L. Pollock, D. Dulko, S.S. Witkin.
Use of self-collected vaginal specimens for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
Obstet Gynecol, 91 (1998), pp. 375-378
[51.]
B.J. Thomas, T. Pierpoint, D. Taylor-Robinson, A.M. Renton.
Sensitivity of the ligase chain reaction assay for detection Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal swabs from women who are infected at other sites.
Sex Transm Dis, 74 (1998), pp. 140-141
[52.]
L. Ostergaard, B. Andersen, F. Olesen, J.K. Moller.
Efficacy of home sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis: randomised study.
Br Med J, 317 (1998), pp. 26-27
[53.]
K.A. Kacena, S.B. Quinn, M.R. Howell, G.E. Madico, T.C. Quinn, C.A. Gaydos.
Pooling urine simples for ligase chain reaction screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic women.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 481-485
[54.]
R.W. Peeling, B. Toye, P. Jessamine, I. Gemmill.
Pooling of urine specimens for PCR testing: a cost saving strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis control programmes.
Sex Tranm Infect, 74 (1998), pp. 66-70
[55.]
D. Dean, K. Millman.
Molecular and mutation trends analyses of omp1 alleles for serovar E of Chlamydia trachomatis: implications for the immunopathgenesis of disease.
J Clin Invest, 99 (1997), pp. 475-483
[56.]
D.R. Stohard, G. Bogulawaski, R.B. Jones.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein and examination of potential pahtogenic determinants.
Infect Immun, 66 (1998), pp. 3618-3625
[57.]
R.J. Suchland, L.O. Eckert, S.E. Hawes, W.E. Stamm.
Longitudinal assessment of infecting serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in Seattle public health clinics: 1988-1996.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 357-361
[58.]
K. Jonsdottir, M. Kristjansson, J. Hjaltalin Olafsson, O. Steingrimsson.
The molecular epidemiology of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in the greater Reykjavik area, Iceland.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 249-256
[59.]
W.M. Geisler, R.J. Suchland, W.L. Whittington, W.E. Stamm.
The relationship of serovar to clinical manifestations of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 160-165
[60.]
F.J. Bowden, S.N. Tabrizi, S.M. Garland, C.K. Fairley.
Infectious diseases. 6: Sexually transmitted infections: new diagnostic approaches and treatments.
Med J Aust, 176 (2002), pp. 551-557
[61.]
D.H. Martin, T.F. Mroczkowski, Z.A. Dalu, J. McCarty, R.B. Jones, S.J. Hopkins, et al.
A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group.
N Engl J Med, 327 (1992), pp. 921-925
[62.]
P. Brocklehurst, G. Rooney.
Interventions for treating genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2000),
[63.]
G.F. Jacobson, A.M. Autry, R.S. Kirby, E.M. Liverman, R.U. Motley.
A randomized controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 184 (2001), pp. 1352-1354
[64.]
J. Kacmar, E. Cheh, A. Montagno, J.F. Peipert.
A randomized trial of azithromycin versus amoxicillin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy.
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, 9 (2001), pp. 197-202
[65.]
J.S. Fennema, I. Cairo, R.A. Coutinho.
Substantial increase in gonorrhoea and syphilis among clients of Amsterdam Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 144 (2000), pp. 602-603
[66.]
Centers for Disease Control. Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in the United States: report of an external consultants’ meeting convened by the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 10-11 October 2001. Disponible en; http://www.cdc.gov/std/GCmtgreport.pdf
[67.]
US Prevention Services Task Force. Guide to clinical services. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 1996:293-302. Disponible en: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/cpsix.htm
[68.]
M. Alary, E. Baganizi, A. Guedeme, F. Padonou, N. Davo, C. Adjovi, et al.
Evaluation of clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men with urethral discharge or dysuria and women with vaginal discharge in Benin.
Sex Transm Infect, 74 (1998), pp. S44-S49
[69.]
D.J. Farell.
Evaluation of AMPLICOR Neisseria gonorrhoeae PCR using cppB nested PCR and 16S rRNA PCR.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 386-390
[70.]
L. Ostergaard, T. Agner, E. Krarup, U.B. Johansen, K. Weismann, E. Gutschik.
PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical, urethral, rectal, and pharyngeal swab samples obtained from patients attending an STD clinic.
Genitourinary Med, 73 (1997), pp. 493-497
[71.]
J. Debattista, C. Clementson, D. Mason, J. Dwyer, S. Argent, C. Woodward, et al.
Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis at entertainment venues among men who have sex with men.
Sex Transm Dis, 29 (2002), pp. 216-221
[72.]
K. Page-Shafer, A. Graves, C. Kent, J.E. Balls, V.M. Zapitz, J.D. Klausner.
Increased sensitivity of DNA amplification testing for the detection of pharyngeal gonorrhea in men who have sex with men.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 173-176
[73.]
S.N. Tabrizi, B.A. Paterson, C.K. Fairley, F.J. Bowden, S.M. Garland.
Comparison of tampon and urine as self-administered methods of specimen collection in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis in women.
Int J STD AIDS, 9 (1998), pp. 347-349
[74.]
K.A. Kacena, S.B. Quinn, S.C. Hartman, T.C. Quinn, C.A. Gaydos.
Pooling of urine simples for screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction: accuracy and application.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 3624-3628
[75.]
S.D. Billings, D. Fuller, A.M. LeMonte, T.E. Davis, A.I. Hartstein.
Characterization of DNA-negative, probe-positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 29 (1997), pp. 281-283
[76.]
S.J. Cooke, H. De la Paz, C. La Poh, C.A. Ison, J.E. Heckels.
Variation within serovars of Neisseria gonorrhoeae detected by structural analysis of outer-membrane protein PIB and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Microbiol, 143 (1997), pp. 1415-1422
[77.]
N. Harnett, S. Brown, G. Riley, R. Terro, C. Krishnan, M. Pauze, et al.
Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Ontario, Canada, with decreased susceptibility to quinolones by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, auxotyping, serotyping and plasmid content.
J Med Microbiol, 46 (1997), pp. 383-390
[78.]
M.M. Hobbs, T.M. Alcorn, R.H. Davis, W. Fischer, J.C. Thomas, I. Martin, et al.
Molecular typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing repeated infections: evolution of porin during passage within a community.
J Infect Dis, 179 (1999), pp. 371-381
[79.]
C.L. Poh, V. Ramachandran, J.W. Tapsall.
Genetic diversity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IB-2 and IB-6 isolates revealed by whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based PCR.
J Clin Microbiol, 34 (1996), pp. 292-295
[80.]
J.S. Knapp, K.K. Fox, D.L. Trees, W.L. Whittington.
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Emerg Infect Dis, 3 (1997), pp. 33-39
[81.]
L.M. Newman, S.A. Wang, R.G. Ohye, N. O’Connor, M.V. Lee, H.S. Weinstock.
The epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hawaii, 2001.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 649-654
[82.]
L. Otero, B. Alcalá, J.A. Varela, M.D. Miguel, J.A. Vázquez, F. Vázquez.
First isolate of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain associated with an ofloxacin treatment failure in Spain: case report.
Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), pp. 576-578
[83.]
B. Alcalá, L. Arreaza, C. Salcedo, I. Antolín, N. Borrell, J. Cacho, et al.
Molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance of gonococcal strains in Spain.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 395-398
[84.]
L. Otero, H. Villar, J.A. Vázquez, F. Vázquez.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistente a quinolonas: un nuevo problema de salud pública en España.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 123-126
[85.]
L. Arreaza, C. Salcedo, B. Alcalá, S. Berron, E. Martín, J.A. Vázquez.
Antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Spain: trends over the last two decades.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 51 (2003), pp. 153-156
[86.]
J.R. Schwebke, W. Whittington, R.J. Rice, H.H. Handsfield, J. Hale, K.K. Holmes.
Trends in susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone from 1985 through 1991.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39 (1995), pp. 917-920
[87.]
S.A. Wang, M.V. Lee, N. O’Connor, C.J. Iverson, R.G. Ohye, P.M. Whiticar, et al.
Multidrug-resitant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime-Hawaii, 2001.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 849-852
[88.]
Anónimo.
Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region, 2001. World Health Organization.
Commun Dis Intell, 26 (2002), pp. 541-545
[89.]
J.W. Boslego, E.C. Tramont, E.T. Takafuji, B.M. Diniega, B.S. Mitchell, J.W. Small, et al.
Effect of spectinomycin use on the prevalence of spectinomycinresistant and of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
N Engl J Med, 317 (1987), pp. 272-278
[90.]
Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO western Pacific region 1992-4. WHO Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme.
Genitourin Med, 73 (1997), pp. 355-361
[91.]
L. Arreaza, F. Vázquez, B. Alcalá, L. Otero, C. Salcedo, J.A. Vázquez.
Emergence of gonococcal strains with resistance to azithromycin in Spain.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 51 (2003), pp. 190-191
[92.]
D. Taylor-Robinson.
Mycoplasma genitalium-an update.
Int J STD AIDS, 13 (2002), pp. 145-151
[93.]
P.A. Totten, M.A. Schwartz, K.E. Sjostrom, G.E. Kenny, H.H. Handsfield, J.B. Weiss, et al.
Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men.
J Infect Dis, 183 (2001), pp. 269-276
[94.]
Horner P, Leung A, Ahuja D, McClure M, Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with an inflammatory urethral discharge in men. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 543
[95.]
Mena L, Mroczkwski T, Martin D. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis in men with nongonococcal urethritis in New Orleáns. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 590
[96.]
Anagrius C, Lore B. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with cervicitis and female urethritis. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 732
[97.]
Anagrius C. Sexual transmission of Mycoplasma genitalium. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 733
[98.]
Falk L, Falk M, Jensen J, Fredlund H. Prevalence, signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female STD-attendees and in young adult women attending for Pap Smear screning. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 227
[99.]
Haggerty C, Totten P, Astete S, Ness R. Mycoplasma genitalium among women with pelvis inflammatory disease. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 86
[100.]
Cohen CR, Mugo N, Astete S, Bukusi EA, Irungu E, Bwayo J et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis in Nairobi, Kenya. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 420
[101.]
S.M. Dutro, J.K. Hebb, C.A. Garin, J.P. Hughes, G.E. Kenny, P.A. Totten.
Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 756-763
[102.]
T. Yoshida, S. Maeda, T. Deguchi, T. Miyazawa, H. Ishiko.
Rapid detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms in genitourinary samples by PCR-microtiter plate hybridization assay.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 1850-1855
[103.]
Y. Ren, X. Zhu.
Investigation on biovars and genotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the cervix in a Chinese gynecologic check-up population and sex workers.
Acta Derm Venereol, 83 (2003), pp. 175-178
[104.]
J.A. Robertson, G.W. Stemke, J.W. Davis Jr, R. Harasawa, D. Thirkell, F. Kong, et al.
Proposal of Ureaplasma parvum sp. nov. and emended description of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Shepard et al, 1974) (Robertson et al, 2001).
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52 (2002), pp. 587-597
[105.]
A. Naessens, W. Foulon, J. Breynaert, S. Lauwers.
Serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from normal pregnant women and patients with pregnancy complications.
J Clin Microbiol, 26 (1988), pp. 319-322
[106.]
G.E. Kenny, F.D. Cartwright.
Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to new glycylcyclines in comparison with those to older tetracyclines.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38 (1994), pp. 2628-2632
[107.]
G.E. Kenny, F.D. Cartwright.
Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to a new quinolone, trovafloxacin (CP-99,219.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40 (1996), pp. 1048-1049
[108.]
G.E. Kenny, F.D. Cartwright.
Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, dalfopristin, dirithromycin, evernimicin, gatifloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, and telithromycin compared to their susceptibilities to reference macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45 (2001), pp. 2604-2608
[109.]
T. Deguchi, S. Maeda, M. Tamaki, T. Yoshida, H. Ishiko, M. Ito, et al.
Analysis of the gyrA and parC genes of Mycoplasma genitalium detected in first-pass urine of men with non-gonococcal urethritis before and after fluoroquinolone treatment.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 48 (2001), pp. 742-744
[110.]
Bjornelius E, Anagrius C, Boas I, Lidbrink P, Lind I. Mycoplasma genitalium: when to test and treat. Present status in Scandinavia. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 388
[111.]
Alexel K. Mycoplasma genitalium: optimal method of treatment. Program and abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 27-30, 2003; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Abstract 616
[112.]
K.A. Orle, C.A. Gates, D.H. Martín, B.A. Body, J.B. Weiss.
Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex viruses types-1 and -2 from genital ulcers.
J Clin Microbiol, 34 (1996), pp. 49-54
[113.]
R.M. Greenblatt, S.A. Lukehart, F.A. Plummer, T.C. Quinn, C.W. Critchlow, R.L. Ashley, et al.
Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AIDS, 2 (1988), pp. 47-50
[114.]
J.N. Simonsen, D.W. Cameron, M.N. Gakinya, J.O. Ndinya-Achola, L.J. D’Costa, P. Karasira, et al.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. Experience from a center in Africa.
N Engl J Med, 319 (1988), pp. 274-278
[115.]
L.M. Parsons, M. Shayegani, A.L. Waring, L.H. Bopp.
DNA probes for the identification of Haemophilus ducreyi.
J Clin Microbiol, 27 (1989), pp. 1441-1445
[116.]
X.X. Gu, R. Rossau, G. Jannes, R. Ballard, M. Laga, E. Van Dyck.
The rrs(16S)-rrl(23S) ribosomal intergenic spacer region as a target for the detection of Haemoplilus ducreyi by a heminested PCR assay.
Microbiology, 144 (1998), pp. 1013-1019
[117.]
L.M. Parsons, A.L. Waring, J. Otido, M. Shayegani.
Laboratory diagnosis of chancroid using species-specific primers from Haemophilus ducreyi groEL and the polymerase chain reaction.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 23 (1995), pp. 89-98
[118.]
S.R. ohnson, D.H. Martin, C. Cammarata, S.A. Morse.
Alterations in sample preparation increase sensitivity of PCR assay for diagnosis of chancroid.
J Clin Microbiol, 33 (1995), pp. 1036-1038
[119.]
J.M. Flood, S.K. Sarafian, G.A. Bolan, C. Lammel, J. Engelman, R.M. Greenblatt, et al.
Multistrain outbreak of chancroid in San Francisco, 1989-1991.
J Infect Dis, 167 (1993), pp. 1106-1111
[120.]
S.K. Sarafian, T.C. Woods, J.S. Knapp, B. Swaminathan, S.A. Morse.
Molecular characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi by ribosomial DNA fingerprint.
J Clin Microbiol, 29 (1991), pp. 1949-1954
[121.]
T.J. Brown, C.A. Ison.
Non-radioactive ribotyping of Haemophilus ducreyi using a digoxigenin labelled cDNA probe.
Epidemiol Infect, 110 (1993), pp. 289-295
[122.]
A. Pillay, A.A. Hoosen, P. Kiepiela, A.W. Sturm.
Ribosomal DNA typing of Haemophilus ducreyi strains: proposal for a novel typing scheme.
J Clin Microbiol, 834 (1996), pp. 2613-2615
[123.]
E. Van Dyck, J. Bogaerts, H. Smet, W.M. Tello, V. Mukantabana, P. Piot.
Emergence of Haemophilus ducreyi resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Rwanda.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38 (1994), pp. 1647-1648
[124.]
I.M. Malonza, M.W. Tyndall, J.O. Ndinya-Achola, I. Maclean, S. Omar, K.S. MacDonald, et al.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single- dose ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya.
J Infect Dis, 180 (1999), pp. 1886-1893
[125.]
D.A. Lewis.
Chancroid: from clinical practice to basic science.
AIDS Patient care STDs, 14 (2000), pp. 19-36
[126.]
E.H. Sng, A.L. Lim, V.S. Rajan, A.J. Goh.
Characteristics of Haemophilus ducreyi. A study.
Br J Vener Dis, 58 (1982), pp. 239-242
[127.]
J.S. Knapp, A.F. Back, A.F. Babst, D. Taylor, R.J. Rice.
In vitro susceptibilities of isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi from Thailand and the United States to currently recommended and newer agents for treatment of chancroid.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37 (1993), pp. 1552-1555
[128.]
M. Tyndall, M. Malisa, F.A. Plummer, J. Ombetti, J.O. Ndinya-Achola, A.R. Ronald.
Ceftriaxone no longer predictably cures chancroid in Kenya.
J Infect Dis, 167 (1993), pp. 469-471
[129.]
Y. Dangor, R.C. Ballard, S.D. Miller, H.J. Koornhof.
Treatment of chancroid.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34 (1990), pp. 1308-1311
[130.]
D.A. Lewis.
Chancroid: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management.
Sex Transm Infect, 79 (2003), pp. 68-71
[131.]
S.A. Larsen, B.M. Steiner, A.H. Rudolph.
Laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of tests for syphilis.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 8 (1995), pp. 1-21
[132.]
H. Young.
Guidelines for serological testing for syphilis.
Sex Transm Infect, 76 (2000), pp. 403-405
[133.]
C. Ooi, P. Robertson, B. Donovan.
Investigation of isolated positive syphilis enzyme immunoassay (ICE Murex) results.
Int J STD AIDS, 13 (2002), pp. 761-764
[134.]
F.J. Bowden, I. Bastian, F. Johnston.
A community-based approach to the control of sexually transmitted diseases in the Northen Territory.
Aust N JJ Public Health, 21 (1997), pp. 519-523
[135.]
K.J. Mertz, J.B. Weiss, R.M. Webb, W.C. Levine, J.S. Lewis, K.A. Orle, et al.
An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson, Missisippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
J Infect Dis, 178 (1998), pp. 1060-1066
[136.]
A. Risbud, K. Chan-Tack, D. Gadkari, R.R. Gangakhedkar, M.E. Shepherd, R. Bollinger, et al.
The etiology of genital ulcer disease by disease by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and relationship to HIV infection among patients attending sexually transmitted clinics in Pune, India.
Sex Transm Dis, 26 (1999), pp. 55-62
[137.]
K.J. Mertz, D. Trees, W.C. Levine, J.S. Lewis, B. Litchfield, K.S. Pettus, et al.
Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities.
J Infect Dis, 178 (1998), pp. 1795-1798
[138.]
S.A. Morse.
New tests for bacterial sexually transmitted diseases.
Curr Opin Infect Dis, 14 (2001), pp. 45-51
[139.]
S.A. Morse, D.L. Trees, Y. Htun, F. Radebe, K.A. Orle, Y. Dangor, et al.
Comparison of clinical and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
J Infect Dis, 175 (1997), pp. 583-589
[140.]
N. Zoechling, E.M. Schluepen, H.P. Soyer, H. Kerl, M. Volkenandt.
Molecular detection of Treponema pallidum in secondary and tertiary syphilis.
Br J Dermatol, 136 (1997), pp. 683-686
[141.]
H.W. Horowitz, M.P. Valsamis, V. Wicher, F. Abbruscato, S.A. Larsen, G.P. Wormser, et al.
Cerebral syphilitic gumma confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction in man with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
N Engl J Med, 331 (1994), pp. 1488-1491
[142.]
P.E. Hay, J.R. Clarke, R.A. Strugnell, D. Taylor-Robinson, D. Goldmeier.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect DNA sequences specific to pathogenic treponemes in cerebrospinal fluid.
FEMS Microbiol Lett, 68 (1990), pp. 233-238
[143.]
P.J. Sánchez, G.D. Wendel, E. Grimprel, M. Goldberg, M. Hall, O. Arencibia-Mireles, et al.
Evaluation of molecular methodologies and rabbit infectivity testing for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis and neonatal central nervous system invasion by Treponema pallidum.
J Infect Dis, 167 (1993), pp. 148-157
[144.]
A. Centurion-Lara, C. Castro, J.M. Shaffer, W.C. Van Voorhis, C.M. Marra, S.A. Lukehart.
Detection of Treponema pallidum by a sensitive reverse transcriptase PCR.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 1348-1352
[145.]
A. Ebel, L. Vanneste, M. Cardinaels, E. Sablon, I. Samson, K. De Bosschere, et al.
Validation of the INNO-LIA syphilis kit as a confirmatory assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies.
J Clin Microbiol, 38 (2000), pp. 215-219
[146.]
T.X. Lien, N.T. Tien, G.F. Chanpong, C.T. Cuc, V.T. Yen, R. Soderquist, et al.
Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis B surface antigen, and syphilis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 62 (2000), pp. 301-309
[147.]
M. Pietravalle, F. Pimpinelli, A. Maini, E. Capoluongo, C. Felici, L. D’Auria, et al.
Diagnostic relevant of polymerase chain reaction technology for Treponema pallidum in subjects in differents phases of infection.
Microbiologica, 22 (1999), pp. 99-104
[148.]
Voorhis WC Van, L.K. Barrett, S.A. Lukehart, B. Schmidt, M. Schriefer, C.E. Cameron.
Serodiagnosis of syphilis: antibodies to recombinant Tp0453, Tp92, and Gpd proteins are sensitive and specific indicators of infection by Treponema pallidum.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 3668-3674
[149.]
A.E. Singh, B. Romanowski.
Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 12 (1999), pp. 187-209
[150.]
R.T. Rolfs, M.R. Joesoef, E.F. Hendershot, A.M. Rompalo, M.H. Augenbraun, M. Chiu, et al.
A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Syphilis and HIV Study Group.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 307-314
[151.]
A. Pillay, H. Liu, C.Y. Chen, B. Holloway, A.W. Sturm, B. Steiner, et al.
Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
Sex Transm Dis, 25 (1998), pp. 408-414
[152.]
H. Schofer, H.J. Vogt, R. Milbradt.
Ceftriaxone for the treatment of primary and secondary syphilis.
Chemotherapy, 35 (1989), pp. 140-145
[153.]
T.T. Moorthy, C.T. Lee, K.B. Lim, T. Tan.
Ceftriaxone for treatment of primary syphilis in men: a preliminary study.
Sex Transm Dis, 14 (1987), pp. 116-118
[154.]
E.W. Hook, D.H. Martin, J. Stephens, B.S. Smith, K. Smith.
A randomized, comparative pilot study of azithromycin versus benzathine penicillin G for treatment of early syphilis.
Sex Transm Dis, 29 (2002), pp. 486-490
[155.]
C.M. Marra, P. Boutin, J.C. McArthur, S. Hurwitz, P.A. Simpson, J.A. Haslett, et al.
A pilot study evaluating ceftriaxone and penicillin G as treatment agents for neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 540-544
[156.]
S. Shann, J. Wilson.
Treatment of neurosyphilis with ceftriaxone.
Sex Transm Infect, 79 (2003), pp. 415-416
[157.]
D.T. Fleming, G.M. McQuillan, R.E. Johnson, A.J. Nahmias, S.O. Aral, F.K. Lee, et al.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 1105-1111
[158.]
S. Vanderhooft, P. Kirby.
Genital herpes simplex infection. Natural history.
Sem Dermatol, 11 (1992), pp. 190-4199
[159.]
P. García-Corbeira, R. Dal-Ré, L. Aguilar, J.J. Granizo, J. García de Lomas.
Is sexual transmisión an important pattern for herpes simples type 2 virus seroconversion in the Spanish general population?.
J Med Virol, 59 (1999), pp. 194-197
[160.]
J.A. Varela, P. García-Corbeira, M.V. Aguanell, R. Boceta, J. Ballesteros, L. Aguilar, et al.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 seroepidemiology in Spain.
Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), pp. 47-50
[161.]
C.M. Roberts, J.R. Pfister, S.J. Apear.
Increasing porportion of herpes simples infection in collage students.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 797-800
[162.]
Z. Sanra, E. Scherf, M. Dan.
Herpes simples virus type 1 is the prevailing cause of genital herpes in the Tel Aviv area, Israel.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 794-796
[163.]
A. Nilsen, H. Myrmel.
Changing trends in herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 79 (2000), pp. 693-696
[164.]
G.J. Mertz, S.L. Rosenthal, L.R. Stranberry.
Is Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) now more common than HSV-2 in first episode of genital herpes?.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 801-802
[165.]
M.J. Slomka, L. Emery, P.E. Munday, M. Moulsdale, D.W. Brown.
A comparison of PCR with virus isolation and direct antigen detection for diagnosis and typing of genital herpes.
J Med Virol, 55 (1998), pp. 177-183
[166.]
A.P. Cullen, C.D. Long, A.T. Lorincz.
Rapid detection and typing of herpes simplex virus DNA in clinical specimens by the Hybrid Capture III signal amplification probe test.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 2275-2278
[167.]
F. Díaz-Mitoma, M. Ruben, S. Sacks, P. MacPherson, G. Caissie.
Detection of viral DNA to evaluate outcome of antiviral treatment of patients with recurrent genital herpes.
J Clin Microbiol, 34 (1996), pp. 657-663
[168.]
A. Hobson, A. Wald, N. Wright, L. Corey.
Evaluation of a quantitative competitive PCR assay for measuring herpes simples virus DNA content in genital tract secretions.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 548-552
[169.]
A. Scoular, G. Gillespie, W.F. Carman.
Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of genital herpes in a genitourinary medicine clinic.
Sex Transm Infect, 78 (2002), pp. 21-25
[170.]
M. Koenig, K.S. Reynolds, W. Aldous, M. Hickman.
Comparison of Light-Cycler PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and tissue culture for detection of herpes simplex virus.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 40 (2001), pp. 107-110
[171.]
A. Ndjoyi-Mbiguino, F. Ozouaki, J. Legoff, F.X. Mbopi-Keou, A. Si-Mohamed, I.N. Onas, et al.
Comparison of washing and swabbing procedures for collecting genital fluids to assess cervicovaginal shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 2662-2664
[172.]
R.A. Morrow, D. Friedrich, E. Krantz.
Performance of the focus and Kalon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein G in culture-documented cases of genital herpes.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 5212-5214
[173.]
R.A. Morrow, D. Friedrich.
Inaccuracy of certain commercial enzyme immunoassays in diagnosing genital infections with herpes simplex virus types 1 or 2.
Am J Clin Pathol, 120 (2003), pp. 839-844
[174.]
J. Page, J. Taylor, R.L. Tideman, C. Seifert, C. Marks, A. Cunningham, et al.
Is HSV serology useful for the management of first episode genital herpes?.
Sex Transm Infect, 79 (2003), pp. 276-279
[175.]
T.L. Cherpes, L.A. Meyn, S.L. Hillier.
Plasma versus serum for detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies with a glycoprotein G2-based enzyme immunoassay.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 2758-2759
[176.]
R.L. Ashley, A. Wald.
Genital herpes: Review of the epidemic and potential use of type-specific serology.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 12 (1999), pp. 1-8
[177.]
R.J. Whitley, J.W. Gnann.
Acyclovir: a decade later.
N Engl J Med, 327 (1992), pp. 782-789
[178.]
L. Corey, A. Wald, R. Patel, S.L. Sacks, S.K. Tyring, T. Warren, et al.
Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 11-20
[179.]
M. Reyes, N.S. Shaik, J.M. Graber, R. Nisenbaum, N.T. Wetherall, K. Fukuda, et al.
Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics.
Arch Intern Med, 163 (2003), pp. 76-80
[180.]
H. Grosskurth, R. Gray, R. Hayes, D. Mabey, M. Wawer.
Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 1981-1987
[181.]
S.J. Reynolds, A.R. Risbud, M.E. Shepherd, J.M. Zenilman, R.S. Brookmeyer, R.S. Paranjape, et al.
Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India.
J Infect Dis, 187 (2003), pp. 1513-1521
[182.]
C.S. Crumpacker.
Use of antiviral drugs to prevent herpesvirus transmission.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 67-68
[183.]
J. Christophers, J. Clayton, J. Craske, R. Ward, P. Collins, M. Trowbridge, et al.
Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northwest England.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42 (1998), pp. 868-872
[184.]
S. Safrin.
Treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with AIDS.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 5 (1992), pp. S29-S32
[185.]
S.E. Barton, P.E. Munday, G.R. Kinghorn, W.I. Van der Meijden, E. Stolz, A. Notowicz, et al.
Topical treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections with trisodium phosphonoformate (foscarnet): double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study.
Genitourin Med, 62 (1986), pp. 247-250
[186.]
S. Safrin, S. Kemmerly, B. Plotkin, T. Smith, N. Weissbach, D. De Veranez, et al.
Foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS.
J Infect Dis, 169 (1994), pp. 193-196
[187.]
R. Snoeck, G. Andrei, M. Gerard, A. Silverman, A. Hedderman, J. Balzarini, et al.
Successful treatment of progressive mucocutaneous infection due to acyclovir-and foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus with (S)-1-(3-hydroxy- 2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC.
Clin Infect Dis, 18 (1994), pp. 570-578
[188.]
D.T. Leung, S.L. Sacks.
Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes.
Drugs, 60 (2000), pp. 1329-1352
[189.]
Flamel Technologies.
Flamel Technologies, (1998),
[190.]
L.A. Morrison.
Vaccines against genital herpes: progress and limitations.
Drugs, 62 (2002), pp. 1119-1129
[191.]
J. Goldberg.
Studies on granuloma inguinale. V. Isolation of a bacterium resembling Donovania granulomatis from the feces of a patient with granuloma inguinale.
Br J Vener Dis, 38 (1962), pp. 99
[192.]
A. Mittal, M. Chandra.
In vitro cultivation of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis in cultured macrophages.
Indian J Sex Transm Dis, 13 (1992), pp. 68
[193.]
A.B. Kharsany, A.A. Hoosen, P. Kiepiela, T. Naicker, A.W. Sturm.
Culture of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 391
[194.]
A.B. Kharsany, A.A. Hoosen, P. Kiepiela, T. Naicker, A.W. Sturm.
Growth and cultural characteristics of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis-the aetiological agent of granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis.
J Med Microbiol, 46 (1997), pp. 579-585
[195.]
J. Carter, F.J. Bowden, K.S. Sriprakash, I. Bastian, D.J. Kemp.
Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction for donovanosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 1168-1169
[196.]
J.S. Carter, F.J. Bowden, I. Bastian, G.M. Myers, K.S. Sriprakash, D.J. Kemp.
Phylogenetic evidence for reclassification of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as Klebsiella granulomatis comb. nov.
Int J Syst Bacteriol, 49 (1999), pp. 1695-1700
[197.]
A.B. Kharsany, A.A. Hoosen, P. Kiepiela, R. Kirby, A.W. Sturm.
Phylogenetic analysis of Calymmatobacterium granulomatis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.
J Med Microbiol, 48 (1999), pp. 841-847
[198.]
I. Bastian, F.J. Borden.
Amplification of Klebsiella-like sequences from biopsy specimens from patients with donovanosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 1328
[199.]
F.X. Bosch, S. De Sanjosé, B. Lloveras.
La endemia oculta de las infecciones por el virus del papiloma humano: Características y riesgos.
La infección VPH en el área genital: clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento, pp. 37-45
[200.]
S. De Sanjosé, R. Almirall, B. Lloveras, R. Font, M. Díaz, N. Muñoz, et al.
Cervical human papillomavirus infection in the female population in Barcelona, Spain.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 788-793
[201.]
M.P. Canadas, F.X. Bosch, M.L. Junquera, M. Ejarque, R. Font, E. Ordóñez, et al.
Concordance of prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in anogenital and oral infections in a high-risk population.
J Clin Microbiol, 42 (2004), pp. 1330-1332
[202.]
S.K. Kjaer, E.I. Svare, A.M. Worm, J.M. Walboomers, C.J. Meijer, A.J. van den Brule.
Human papillomavirus infection in Danish female sex workers. Decreasing prevalence with age despite continuosly high sexual acivity.
Sex Transm Dis, 27 (2000), pp. 438-445
[203.]
A. Touzé, S. De Sanjosé, P. Coursaget, M.R. Almirall, V. Palacio, C.J. Meijer, et al.
Prevalence of anti-human papillomavirus type 16, 18, 31, and 58 virus- like particles in women in the genital population and in prostitutes.
J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001), pp. 4344-4348
[204.]
E.M. Van der Snoek, H.G. Niesters, P.G. Mulder, G.J. Van Doornum, A.D. Osterhaus, W.I. Van der Meijden.
Human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men participating in a Dutch gay-cohort study.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 639-644
[205.]
J.T. Cox, A.T. Lorincz, M.H. Schiffman, M.E. Sherman, A. Cullen, R.J. Kurman.
Human papillomavirus testing by hybrid capture appears to be useful in triaging women with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 172 (1995), pp. 946-954
[206.]
S.H. Low, T.W. Thong, T.H. Ho, Y.S. Lee, T. Morita, M. Singh, et al.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in cervical carcinomas: a study by dot and Southern blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction.
Jpn J Cancer Res, 81 (1990), pp. 1118-1123
[207.]
M.V. Jacobs, A.M. De Roda Husman, A.J. Van den Brule, P.J. Snijders, C.J. Meijer, J.M. Walboomers.
Group-specific differentiation between high- and low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes by general primer-mediated PCR and two cocktails of oligonucleotide probes.
J Clin Microbiol, 33 (1995), pp. 901-905
[208.]
M.F. Baay, W.G. Quint, J. Koudstaal, H. Hollema, J.M. Duk, M.P. Burger, et al.
Comprehensive study of several general and type-specific primer pairs for detection of human papillomavirus DNA by PCR in paraffin-embedded cervical carcinomas.
J Clin Microbiol, 34 (1996), pp. 745-747
[209.]
A.M. De Roda Husman, J.M. Walboomers, A.J. Van den Brule, C.J. Meijer, P.J. Snijders.
The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3’ ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR.
J Gen Virol, 76 (1995), pp. 1057-1062
[210.]
H.U. Bernard, S.Y. Chan, M.M. Manos, C.K. Ong, L.L. Villa, H. Delius, et al.
Identification and assessment of known and novel human papillomaviruses by polymerase chain reaction amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, nucleotide sequence, and phylogenetic algorithms.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 1077-1085
[211.]
B. Kleter, L.J. Van Doorn, L. Schrauwen, A. Molijn, S. Sastrowijoto, Schegget J Ter, et al.
Development and clinical evaluation of a highly sensitive PCR-reverse hybridization line probe assay for detection and identification of anogenital human papillomavirus.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 2508-2517
[212.]
R.R. Finan, N. Irani-Hakime, H. Tamin, W.Y. Almawi.
Validity of vaginal testing in detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes.
J Clin Virol, 19 (2000), pp. 163-168
[213.]
K.V. Shah, R.W. Daniel, M.K. Tennant, N. Shah, K.T. McKee, C.A. Gaydos, et al.
Diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection by dry vaginal swabs in military women.
Sex Transm Infect, 77 (2001), pp. 260-264
[214.]
L. Edwards, A. Ferenczy, L. Eron, D. Baker, M.L. Owens, T.L. Fox, et al.
Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. HPV Study Group. Human PapillomaVirus.
Arch Dermatol, 134 (1998), pp. 25-30
[216.]
C.J. Lacey, H.S. Thompson, E.F. Monteiro, T. O’Neill, M.L. Davies, F.P. Holding, et al.
Phase IIa safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic vaccine, TA-GW, in persons with genital warts.
J Infect Dis, 179 (1999), pp. 612-618
[217.]
M.A. Steller.
Cervical cancer vaccines: progress and prospects.
J Soc Gynecol Investig, 9 (2002), pp. 254-264
[218.]
M. Murakami, K.J. Gurski, M.A. Steller.
Human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer.
J Immunother, 22 (1999), pp. 212-218
[219.]
W.J. Van Driel, M.E. Ressing, G.G. Kenter, R.M. Brandt, E.J. Krul, A.B. Van Rossum, et al.
Vaccination with HPV16 peptides of patients with advanced cervical carcinoma: clinical evaluation of a phase I-II trial.
Eur J Cancer, 35 (1999), pp. 946-952
[220.]
L.E. Manhart, L.A. Koutsky.
Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis.
Sex Transm Dis, 29 (2002), pp. 725-735
[221.]
T.M. Becker, J.H. Blount, J. Douglas, F.N. Judson.
Trends in Molluscum contagiosum in the United States, 1966-1983.
Sex Transm Dis, 13 (1986), pp. 88-92
[222.]
E. Liota, K.J. Smith, R. Buckley, P. Menon, H. Skelton.
Imiquimod therapy for Molluscum contagiosum.
J Cutan Med Surg, 4 (2000), pp. 76-82
[223.]
S.K. Tyring.
Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 189 (2003), pp. S12-S16
[224.]
H.C. Wiesenfeld, S.L. Hillier, M.A. Krohn, D.V. Landers, R.L. Sweet.
Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 663-668
[225.]
H. Leitich, B. Bodner-Adler, M. Brunbauer, A. Kaider, C. Egarter, P. Husslein.
Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 189 (2003), pp. 139-147
[226.]
H. Leitich, M. Brunbauer, B. Bodner-Adler, A. Kaider, C. Egarter, P. Husslein.
Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: a meta-analysis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 188 (2003), pp. 752-758
[227.]
J.M. Guise, S.M. Mahon, M. Aickin, M. Helfand, J.F. Peipert, C. Westhoff.
Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.
Am J Prev Med, 20 (2001), pp. 62-72
[228.]
H. McDonald, P. Brocklehurst, J. Parsons, R. Vigneswaran.
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2003),
[229.]
D.H. Watts, M.A. Krohn, S.L. Hillier, D.A. Eschenbach.
Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis.
Obstet Gynecol, 75 (1990), pp. 52-58
[230.]
R. Amsel, P.A. Totten, C.A. Spiegel, K.C. Chen, D. Eschenbach, K.K. Holmes.
Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiological associations.
Am J Med, 74 (1983), pp. 14-22
[231.]
P.P. Nugent, M.A. Krohn, S.L. Hillier.
Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standarized method of Gram stain interpretation.
J Clin Microbiol, 29 (1991), pp. 297-301
[232.]
L. Myziuk, B. Romanowski, S.C. Jonson.
BVBlue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 1925-1928
[233.]
J. Wilson.
Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis.
Sex Transm Infect, 80 (2004), pp. 8-11
[234.]
M.R. Joesoef, G.P. Schmid, S.L. Hillier.
Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. S57-S65
[235.]
S. Boris, C. Barbés.
Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens.
Microbes Infect, 2 (2000), pp. 543-546
[236.]
S. Boris, J.E. Suárez, F. Vázquez, C. Barbes.
Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens.
Infect Immun, 66 (1998), pp. 1985-1989
[237.]
B. Andersch, D. Lindell, I. Dahlen, A. Brandberg.
Bacterial vaginosis and the effect of intermittent prophylactic treatment with an acid lactate gel.
Gynecol Obstet Invest, 30 (1990), pp. 114-119
[238.]
P. Andreeva, B. Slavchev, S. Kovachev, A. Nacheva, R. Vacheva.
Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with high dosage metronidazole and lactic acid.
Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 41 (2002), pp. 36-39
[239.]
M. Milani, E. Barcellona, A. Agnello.
Efficacy of the combination of 2 grm oral tinidazole ad acidic buffering vaginal gel in comparison with vaginal clindamycin alone in bacterial vaginosis: a randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled trial.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 109 (2003), pp. 67-71
[240.]
R.G. García Figueroa, L. Sauceda, D. Ramírez Palacios, F. Cruz Talonia, R. Romero Cabello.
Effectiveness and safety of ciclopirox olamine 1% vaginal cream versus terconazole 0.8% vaginal cream in the treatment of genital candidiasis Ginecol Obstet Mex, 68 (2000), pp. 154-159
[241.]
M.C. Watson, J.M. Grimshaw, C.M. Bond, J. Mollison, A. Ludbrook.
Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2001),
[242.]
L. Otero, F. Vázquez, V. Palacio, S. Vázquez, F. Carreno, F.J. Méndez.
Comparison of seven phenotyping methods for Candida albicans.
Eur J Epidemiol, 11 (1995), pp. 221-224
[243.]
J.D. Sobel, P.S. Kapernick, M. Zervos, B.D. Reed, T. Hooton, D. Soper, et al.
Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 185 (2001), pp. 363-369
[244.]
J.D. Sobel, J.A. Vázquez.
Symptomatic vulvovaginitis due to fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a female who was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 726-727
[245.]
O. Babula, G. Lazdane, J. Kroica, N.J. Ledger, S.S. Witkin.
Relation between recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal concentrations of mannose-binding lectin, and a mannose-binding gene polymorphism in Latvian women.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 733-737
[246.]
P-A. Mardh, N. Novikova, E. Stukalova.
Colonisation of extragenital sites by Candida in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candiosis.
Intern J Obstet & Gynecol, 110 (2003), pp. 934-937
[247.]
A. Spinillo, E. Capuzzo, R. Gulminetti, P. Marone, L. Colonna, G. Piazzi.
Prevalence of and risk factors for fungal vaginitis caused by non-albicans species.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 176 (1997), pp. 138-141
[248.]
L. Otero, V. Palacio, F. Carreno, F.J. Méndez, F. Vázquez.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis in female sex workers.
Int J STD AIDS, 9 (1998), pp. 526-530
[249.]
L. Otero, A. Fleites, F.J. Méndez, V. Palacio, F. Vázquez.
Susceptibility of Candida species isolated from female prostitutes with vulvovaginitis to antifungal agents and boric acid.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 18 (1999), pp. 59-61
[250.]
L. Otero, V. Palacio, F.J. Méndez, F. Vázquez.
Boric acid susceptibility testing of non-C. albicans Candida and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of three methods.
Med Mycol, 40 (2002), pp. 319-322
[251.]
E. Hilton, P. Rindos, H.D. Isenberg.
Lactobacillus GG vaginal suppositories and vaginitis.
J Clin Microbiol, 33 (1995), pp. 1433
[252.]
E. Hilton, H.D. Isenberg, P. Alperstein, K. France, M.T. Borenstein.
Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis.
Ann Intern Med, 116 (1992), pp. 353-357
[253.]
D.J. Jackson, J.P. Rakwar, J.J. Bwayo, J.K. Kreiss, S. Moses.
Urethral Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV-1 transmission [letter].
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 1076
[254.]
M.M. Hobbs, P. Kazembe, A.W. Reed, W.C. Miller, E. Nkata, D. Zimba, et al.
Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men.
Sex Transm Dis, 26 (1999), pp. 381-387
[255.]
J.C. Lefevre, J.P. Lepargneur, R. Bauriaud, M.A. Bertrand, C. Blanc.
Clinical and microbiologic features of urethritis in men in Toulouse, France.
Sex Transm Dis, 18 (1991), pp. 76-79
[256.]
M. Janier, F. Lassau, I. Casin, P. Grillot, C. Scieux, A. Zavaro, et al.
Male urethritis with and without discharge: A clinical and microbiological study.
Sex Transm Dis, 22 (1995), pp. 244-252
[257.]
J.N. Krieger, J.F. Alderete, et al.
Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis.
Sexually transmitted diseases. 3rd ed, pp. 587-604
[258.]
G.A. Miller, J.D. Klausner, T.J. Coates, R. Meza, C.A. Gaydos, J. Hardick, et al.
Assessment of a rapid antigen detection system for Trichomonas vaginalis infection.
Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 10 (2003), pp. 1157-1158
[259.]
J.N. Krieger, M.R. Tam, C.E. Stevens, I.O. Nielsen, J. Hale, N.B. Kiviat, et al.
Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens.
JAMA, 259 (1988), pp. 1223-1227
[260.]
R.F. Smith.
Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens by direct immunofluorescence assay.
J Clin Microbiol, 24 (1986), pp. 1107-1108
[261.]
A. Yule, M.C.A. Gellan, J.D. Oriel, J. Packers.
Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis antigen in women by enzyme immunoassay, 40 (1987), pp. 566-568
[262.]
A.M. Briselden, S.L. Hillier.
Evaluation of Affirm VP microbial identification test for Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.
J Clin Microbiol, 32 (1994), pp. 148-152
[263.]
F.N. Judson, J. Ehret.
Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.
Pediatr Ann, 23 (1994), pp. 361-369
[264.]
Ordás J, Pérez F, Villar M, Melón S, Morilla A, Méndez FJ,et al. Diagnóstico de tricomoniasis mediante PCR. Program y resúmenes del XI Congreso Nacional de la SEIMC, 16-19 de mayo de 2004, Bilbao [en prensa]
[265.]
D. Petrin, K. Delgaty, R. Bhatt, G. Garber.
Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 11 (1998), pp. 300-317
[266.]
Vázquez F, Palacio V, Ramos I, Bello MF, Llaneza J. Evaluación de un método de inmunofluorescencia mediante anticuerpos monoclonales para el diagnóstico de Trichomonas vaginalis (Abstract). VIII Congreso Nacional del Grupo Español para la Investigación de las ETS, Vigo, 1990
[267.]
S.S. Witkin, S.R. Inglis, M. Polaneczky.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction in introital specimen from pregnant women.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 175 (1996), pp. 165-167
[268.]
R.P. Heine, H.C. Wiesenfeld, R.L. Sweet, S.S. Witkin.
Polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 985-987
[269.]
L.R. DeMeo, D.L. Draper, J.A. McGregor, D.F. Moore, C.R. Peter, P.S. Kapernick, et al.
Evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174 (1996), pp. 1339-1342
[270.]
G. Madico, T.C. Quinn, A. Rompalo, KT Jr McKee, C.A. Gaydos.
Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab simples.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 3205-3210
[271.]
B.A. Paterson, S.N. Tabrizi, S.M. Garland, C.K. Fairley, F.J. Bowden.
The tampon test for trichomoniasis: a comparison between conventional methods and a polymerase chain reaction for Trichomonas vaginalis in women.
Sex Tranms Infect, 74 (1998), pp. 136-139
[272.]
R.R. Lin, M.E. Shaio, J.Y. Liu.
One-tube, nested-PCR assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharges.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 91 (1997), pp. 61-65
[273.]
J. Hardick, S. Yang, S. Lin, D. Duncan, C. Gaydos.
Use of the Roche Light Cycler instrument in a real-time PCR for Trichomonas vaginalis in urine samples from females and males.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 5619-5622
[274.]
T. Crucitti, E. Van Dyck, A. Tehe, S. Abdellati, B. Vuylsteke, A. Buve, et al.
Comparison of culture and different PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in self collected vaginal swab specimens.
Sex Transm Infect, 79 (2003), pp. 393-398
[275.]
F. Vázquez, M.J. García, F. Pérez, V. Palacio.
Trichomonas vaginalis: tratamiento y resistencia a nitroimidazoles.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 19 (2001), pp. 114-124
[276.]
T. Meri, T.S. Jokiranta, L. Suhonen, S. Meri.
Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole: report of the first three cases from Finland of in vitro susceptibility testing under various oxygen concentrations. optimization.
J Clin Microbiol, 38 (2000), pp. 763-767
[277.]
J.G. Lossick.
Therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis.
Trichomonads Parasitic in Humans, pp. 326-341
[278.]
S. Pérez, A. Fernández-Verdugo, F. Pérez, F. Vázquez.
Prevalence of 5-nitroimidazole- resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in Oviedo, Spain.
Sex Transm Dis, 28 (2001), pp. 115-116
[279.]
J.A. Varela, L. Otero, E. Espinosa, C. Sánchez, M.L. Junquera, F. Vázquez.
Phthirus pubis in a sexually transmitted diseases unit: a study of 14 years.
Sex Transm Dis, 30 (2003), pp. 292-296
[280.]
T.A. Chapel, T. Katta, T. Kuszmar, D. DeGiusti.
Pediculosis pubis in a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
Sex Transm Dis, 6 (1979), pp. 257-260
[281.]
J.A. Witkowski, L.C. Parish.
Pediculosis and resistance: the perennial problem.
Clin Dermatol, 20 (2002), pp. 87-92
[282.]
R.S. Purvis, S.K. Tyring.
An outbreak of lindane-resistant scabies treated successfully with permethrin 5% cream.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 25 (1991), pp. 1015-1016
[283.]
W.I. Roth.
Scabies resistant to lindane 1% lotion and crotamiton 10% cream.
J Am Academ Dermatol, 24 (1991), pp. 502-503
[284.]
L. Otero, F. Vázquez.
Nuevos patógenos genitales.
Enf Trans Sex, 7 (1993), pp. 171-175
[285.]
F. Vázquez, M.T. Andrés, V. Palacio, S. Vázquez, A. De Lillo, J.F. Fierro.
Aislamiento de Haemophilus influenzae y Haemophilus parainfluenzae en infecciones genitourinarias: una revisión de 4 años.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 14 (1996), pp. 181-185
[286.]
R.A. Cox, M.P. Slack.
Clinical and microbiological features of Haemophilus influenzae vulvovaginitis in young girls.
J Clin Pathol, 55 (2002), pp. 961-964
[287.]
L. Otero, M.I. Blanco, Iglesia P De la, G. Viejo, D. Miguel, A. Del Valle, et al.
Aislamiento de Neisseria meningitidis maltosa negativa en exudado vaginal.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 238-239
[288.]
J.G. McKenna, R.J. Fallon, A. Moyes, H. Young.
Anogenital non-gonococcal Neisseriae: prevalence and clinical significance.
Int J STD AIDS, 4 (1993), pp. 8-12
[289.]
C.M. Carpenter, R. Charles.
Isolation of meningococcus from the genitourinary tract of seven patients.
Am J Public Health, 32:640-643 (1942),
[290.]
J.J. Karolus, A.L. Gandelman, B.A. Nolan.
Urethritis caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
J Clin Microbiol, 22 (1980), pp. 284-285
[291.]
P. Harriau, C. Ramanantsoa, F. Pierre, J.Y. Riou, R. Quentin.
Endocervical infection in a pregnant woman caused by Neisseria meningitidis: evidence of associated oropharyngeal colonization of the male partner.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 74 (1997), pp. 145-147
[292.]
R.C. Barnes, R. Daifuku, R.E. Roddy, W.E. Stamm.
Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men.
Lancet, 1(8474 (1986), pp. 171-173
[293.]
J. Reina, J. Gil, F. Salva, J. Gómez, P. Alomar.
Microbiological characteristics of Weeksella virosa (formerly CDC group IIf) isolated from the human genitourinary tract.
J Clin Microbiol, 28 (1990), pp. 2357-2359
[294.]
L. Otero, V. Palacio, F. Vázquez.
Tinea cruris in female prostitutes.
Mycopathologia, 153 (2002), pp. 29-31
Copyright © 2004. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
