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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 112-122 (enero 2004)
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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 112-122 (enero 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Úlceras por presión secundarias a la inmovilización con collarín cervical: una complicación de la lesión cervical aguda
Pressure scores secondary to immobilization with cervical collar: a complication of acute cervical injury
Visitas
11565
Esteban Molano Álvarez1,1
Autor para correspondencia
emolano@wanadoo.es

Correspondencia: Esteban Molano Álvarez Avda. María Moliner, 26, ptal. 3, 2.oB 28919 Leganés. Madrid. España
, María del Ara Murillo Pérez1, María Teresa Salobral Villegas1, Mireia Domínguez Caballero1, Manuela Cuenca Solanas2, Carlos García Fuentes3
1 Enfermera/o. UCI de Trauma y Emergencias. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid.
2 Supervisora. Área Funcional de la Urgencia General. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid.
3 Médico Adjunto. UCI de Trauma y Emergencias. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España.
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Bibliografía
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Resumen

Los collarines cervicales son indispensables en el manejo de pacientes con sospecha o confirmación de lesión cervical aguda (LCA). Una de las complicaciones de estos dispositivos es el desarrollo de úlceras por presión (UPP). Este estudio pretende determinar su incidencia en nuestra unidad, las características de los pacientes con LCA que presentan UPP por collarín y describir aspectos relacionados con estas lesiones. Incluimos 92 pacientes con LCA ingresados más de 24 h, desde enero del 2000 hasta diciembre de 2003. Analizamos variables demográficas, incidencia, factores de riesgo y características de las UPP que desarrollaron. La incidencia de estas lesiones fue del 23,9%. Los pacientes con UPP presentaban: un ISS (Injury Severity Score) más elevado (37,5 ± 9,8 frente a 31,3 ± 14,9), un mayor porcentaje de portadores de catéteres de presión intracraneal (PIC) (el 55,6 frente al 16,2%), más tiempo de ventilación mecánica (15,4 ± 8,2 frente a 6,1 ± 9) y estancias más prolongadas (24,6 ± 10,9 frente a 10 ± 10,3), todos estadísticamente significativos (p < 0,05). Se detectaron 38 UPP, y la mediana del día de detección fue 7 (RI = 5-13,8). La barbilla, la zona occipital y la supraescapular fueron las localizaciones más frecuentes. El 42,1% fueron de grado II y el 39,5% de grado III. Las lesiones occipitales fueron más graves y las que se detectaron más tardíamente. Concluimos que se requiere un alto índice de sospecha de UPP por collarín en pacientes con LCA, elevado ISS, monitorización de PIC, ventilación mecánica y estancias prolongadas. La zona occipital requiere especial atención por la gravedad de las lesiones registradas. Frente a este problema planteamos un protocolo multidisciplinar específico.

Palabras Clave:
Lesión cervical aguda
Collarín cervical
Úlceras por presión
Traumatismo raquimedular
Summary

Cervical collars are essential in the treatment of patients with suspicion or verification of acute cervical spine injury (ACSI). One of the complications of these devices is the development of pressure scores (PS). This study aims to determine its incidence in our unit, the characteristics of patients with ACSI who suffer PS due to the collar and to describe aspects related with these injuries. We include 92 patients with ACSI hospitalized more than 24 hours from January 2002 to December 2003. We analyze demographic variables, incidence, risk factors and characteristics of the PS that develop. The incidence of these lesions was 23.9%. Patients with PS presented: a higher injury severity score (ISS) (37.5 ± 9.8 vs. 31.3 ± 14.9), a greater percentage of catheter carriers of intracraneal pressure (ICP) (55.6% vs. 16.2%), longer time of mechanical ventilation (15.4 ± 8.2 vs. 6.1 ± 9) and longer stays (24.6 ± 10.9 vs. 10 ± 10.3), all statistically significant (p < 0.05). A total of 38 PS were detected, 7 (RI 5-13.8) being the median of the detection day. The chin, occipital and suprascapular zone were the most frequent locations. A total of 42.1% were grade II and 39.5% grade III. The occipital injuries were the most serious and those detected the latest. We conclude that a high index of suspicion of PS due to collar in patients with ACSI, elevated ISS, monitoring of ICP, mechanical ventilation and prolonged stays is required. The occipital zone requires special attention due to the seriousness of the injuries recorded. We suggest a specific multidisciplinary protocol for this problem.

Key Words:
Acute cervical spine injury
Cervical collar
Pressure sores
Spinal cord injury
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Copyright © 2004. Elsevier España, S.L. y Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva
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