Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de la población de Reus en la etapa preconcepcional, el embarazo y el posparto

Fundamento y objetivo: Describir la evolución del consumo alimentario, energético y nutricional en la preconcepción, durante las semanas 6, 10, 26 y 38 de gestación y las semanas 6 y 26 del posparto. Sujetos y método: Valoración longitudinal del estado nutricional en 80 voluntarias sanas con intención de concepción inmediata. Se estimó el consumo alimentario mediante el «registro de 7 días», y se determinaron los hábitos tóxicos y la actividad física en cada fase. Se registró el nivel educativo, el peso, la talla y la paridad en la fase preconcepcional. Resultados: El consumo alimentario y nutricional varía ligeramente durante el embarazo respecto a la ingesta preconcepcional, con la excepción del aumento del consumo de leche, verduras y frutas, y la disminución de azúcares, bebidas azucaradas y alcohólicas. La ingesta energética no varía significativamente durante la gestación, pero aumenta en la semana 6 posparto, coincidiendo con la lactancia. Sin embargo, las ingestas en todas estas etapas son inferiores a las recomendadas. A los 6 meses posparto las mujeres realizan ingestas alimentarias, energéticas y nutricionales inferiores a la fase preconcepcional. Existe una elevada probabilidad de ingesta inadecuada de hierro, calcio, vitamina B6 y folatos en las últimas semanas de gestación y hasta los 6 meses posparto. Conclusiones: En este estudio, las mujeres embarazadas no aumentan la ingesta energética y nutricional durante el embarazo respecto al período preconcepcional. Aumentan la ingesta en el posparto inmediato coincidiendo con la lactancia. Sin embargo, todos estos consumos son inferiores a las recomendaciones de ingesta diaria.

Background and objective: To describe the evolution of food, energy and nutritional consumption at preconception, weeks 6, 10, 26 and 38 of pregnancy, and 6 and 26 weeks after birth. Subjects and method: Longitudinal evaluation of the nutritional status in 80 healthy volunteers with the intention of immediate conception was performed. Food consumption was estimated using the «7 day register». Toxic habits and physical activity in each phase were also estimated. Education level, weight, height and parity were recorded at preconception. Results: Food and nutritional consumption varied slightly between preconception and pregnancy with the exception of increased consumption of milk, fruit and vegetables and reduced consumption of sugars, sugar-containing and alcoholic drinks. Energy intake did not vary significantly during pregnancy but increased 6 weeks after birth, coinciding with lactation. However recommended energy intakes were not met in any of the phases of the study. Six months after birth, women had lower food, energy and nutritional intakes than during the preconception period. The probability of inadequate intake of iron, calcium, vitamin B6 and folates was increased in the last weeks of pregnancy and this continued until up to 6 months after birth. Conclusions: In this study, pregnant women did not increase energy and nutritional intake during pregnancy with respect to the preconception period. Energy intake was increased immediately after birth, coinciding with lactation. Throughout the study, however, the reported consumption was lower than recommended daily intakes.