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Revisión narrativa de la terapia inhalatoria en la EPOC
COPD inhaled therapy narrative review
M. Villar Martíneza,
Autor para correspondencia
mvillarm@salud.madrid.org

Autor para correspondencia.
, E. Calvo Manuela, A.L. Aguilar-Sheab
a Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
b Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de Salud Puerta de Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; es una patolog&#237;a pulmonar progresiva y heterog&#233;nea que se caracteriza por s&#237;ntomas respiratorios &#40;disnea y tos principalmente&#41; debidos a alteraciones de las v&#237;as respiratorias que causan disfunci&#243;n pulmonar persistente debido a una obstrucci&#243;n pobremente reversible del flujo a&#233;reo&#46; La enfermedad presenta de forma caracter&#237;stica eventos de mayor actividad y empeoramiento de la sintomatolog&#237;a&#44; denominados exacerbaciones o s&#237;ndromes de agudizaci&#243;n &#40;SAEs&#41;&#44; que est&#225;n relacionadas con el pron&#243;stico y la evoluci&#243;n de la enfermedad&#46; De este impacto negativo en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes con EPOC se explican los esfuerzos para el control de los s&#237;ntomas y para la prevenci&#243;n de las exacerbaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar del hecho de que no hay una cura definitiva para la EPOC&#44; s&#237; que poseemos en nuestro arsenal terap&#233;utico una serie de terapias disponibles para mitigar los s&#237;ntomas de la enfermedad&#44; reducir el n&#250;mero y la severidad de las exacerbaciones&#44; mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y frenar su progresi&#243;n&#44; aumentado la supervivencia&#46; Dentro del tratamiento de la EPOC se destaca el tratamiento broncodilatador y el tratamiento corticoesteroideo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un primer lugar tenemos el tratamiento broncodilatador inhalado&#44; en el que nos podemos encontrar con los &#946;2 agonistas y con los anticolin&#233;rgicos o antimuscar&#237;nicos&#44; siendo los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">long acting muscarinic antagonist</span> &#40;LAMA&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">long acting &#946;2 agonist</span> &#40;LABA&#41; los pilares en el tratamiento de mantenimiento de la EPOC&#46; En un segundo lugar se encuentra el tratamiento con corticoesteroides&#44; que en su forma inhalada &#40;CI&#41; cobran especial importancia en aquellos pacientes que adem&#225;s de EPOC presentan una historia de asma&#44; rinitis&#44; alergias&#44; exacerbaciones o un fenotipo eosinof&#237;lico &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>c&#233;lulas&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La estratificaci&#243;n de los pacientes que padecen EPOC es fundamental para orientar el plan terap&#233;utico y el seguimiento&#46; Esta clasificaci&#243;n est&#225; basada en los valores de la espirometr&#237;a&#44; el control de la sintomatolog&#237;a y el n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones que presente el paciente&#46; Integrando estos apartados se obtienen la estratificaci&#243;n que ser&#225; usada para orientar la terapia en los pacientes que padecen EPOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la actualidad&#44; las pautas terap&#233;uticas com&#250;nmente empleadas en nuestro medio encuentran su fundamentaci&#243;n en la Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola de la EPOC &#40;GesEPOC&#41; y en las recomendaciones de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease</span> &#40;GOLD&#41;&#46; Estas&#44; a su vez&#44; determinan el enfoque terap&#233;utico m&#225;s adecuado para cada paciente&#44; considerando la estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo en funci&#243;n de los s&#237;ntomas&#44; las exacerbaciones&#44; los niveles de eosin&#243;filos &#40;y la funci&#243;n pulmonar en el caso de la GesEPOC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1-4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El prop&#243;sito de esta revisi&#243;n es proporcionar una visi&#243;n actualizada y precisa de las terapias inhaladas utilizadas en el tratamiento de la EPOC&#44; con un enfoque en la identificaci&#243;n de qu&#233; grupos terap&#233;uticos y subgrupos de f&#225;rmacos demuestran una mayor eficacia en el control de los s&#237;ntomas y la reducci&#243;n de las exacerbaciones en esta poblaci&#243;n de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para llevar a cabo esta revisi&#243;n se ha realizado una revisi&#243;n de los art&#237;culos relacionados con la terapia inhalada de mantenimiento en la EPOC&#46; Esta b&#250;squeda se llev&#243; a cabo en la base de datos Pubmed &#40;Medline&#41; durante los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2023&#44; y se dio prioridad a los estudios publicados en los &#250;ltimos seis a&#241;os &#40;2018-2023&#41;&#46; La b&#250;squeda fue realizada tanto en ingl&#233;s como en espa&#241;ol&#44; y se centr&#243; en el uso de las siguientes palabras clave&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&#44; terapia inhaladora&#44; exacerbaci&#243;n&#44; corticoides inhalados&#44; anticolin&#233;rgicos de acci&#243;n larga&#44; agonistas &#946;2 adren&#233;rgicos de acci&#243;n larga y triple terapia&#46; Se incluyeron y se dio preferencia a los ensayos cl&#237;nicos&#44; gu&#237;as y recomendaciones&#44; metaan&#225;lisis y finalmente a otras revisiones&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discusi&#243;n</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">LAMA</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el metaan&#225;lisis realizado por Yasuhito Suzuki et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#44; el uso de LAMA en pacientes EPOC ha resultado ser superior a placebo&#44; disminuyendo significativamente la frecuencia de las exacerbaciones&#44; mejorando la disnea de los pacientes y aumentado la volumen espirado m&#225;ximo en el primer segundo de la espiraci&#243;n forzada &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#59; adem&#225;s presenta de forma significativa menor n&#250;mero de abandonos por efectos secundarios frente al placebo&#46; Estos son resultados similares a los obtenidos en otro estudio&#44; donde glicopirronio y tiotropio demostraron similar efectividad en retrasar el deterioro cl&#237;nico derivado de la enfermedad frente a placebo &#40;menor disnea&#44; deterioro de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> y exacerbaciones&#41;&#44; sin diferencias notables entre ambos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En otro de los metaan&#225;lisis revisados&#44; donde se compararon los LAMA entre ellos&#44; se objetiv&#243; que el umeclidinio mostraba de forma significativa una mejor&#237;a de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;en la semana 12 de tratamiento&#41; frente a tiotropio o glicopirronio&#44; aunque no se registr&#243; una diferencia cl&#237;nicamente significativa entre ellos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">LAMA vs LABA</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la revisi&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica efectuada destaca principalmente un metaan&#225;lisis de 2020 en el que el tratamiento inicial con LAMA frente a LABA mostraba reducir de forma significativa las exacerbaciones&#44; mejorar la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> y reducir el n&#250;mero total de efectos adversos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; El resto de la literatura revisada comparando estos dos grupos no es tan reciente y deber&#237;amos remontarnos a art&#237;culos publicados previamente&#44; como los realizados por los grupos de Vogelmeier<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> o Decramer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; que datan de hace m&#225;s de una d&#233;cada&#46; De todas formas&#44; las gu&#237;as y recomendaciones m&#225;s recientes respaldan los resultados obtenidos en este metaan&#225;lisis y en la literatura previa&#44; recomend&#225;ndose el uso de LAMA por encima de LABA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">LAMA vs LAMA&#47;LABA</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la revisi&#243;n realizada por el grupo de Paola Rogliani<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> comparando la doble terapia frente a la monoterapia&#44; se detect&#243; mejor&#237;a de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; la disnea&#44; la calidad de vida y una reducci&#243;n de las exacerbaciones y de la necesidad de medicaci&#243;n de rescate&#46; Estos son resultados similares a los obtenidos en otros dos metaan&#225;lisis donde se objetivaron de forma significativa una mejor&#237;a significativa de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> y en la calidad de vida al usar la combinaci&#243;n de LAMA&#47;LABA frente a las monoterapia de mantenimiento con LAMA&#46; En estos estudios no se detectaron diferencias en cuanto a la incidencia de efectos adversos entre los distintos grupos y f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera an&#225;loga&#44; en diversos estudios que comparaban la combinaci&#243;n indacaterol&#47;glicopirronio frente tiotropio o glicopirronio se evidenci&#243; que la combinaci&#243;n del LAMA&#47;LABA era superior al tratamiento &#250;nico con LAMA&#44; con mejor&#237;a de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; mejor&#237;a de la calidad de vida&#44; menor disnea y menor necesidad de medicaci&#243;n de rescate&#44; lo que se corresponde con los datos obtenidos por el grupo de trabajo de Vicente Benavides-C&#243;rdoba&#44; donde se encontr&#243; mejor&#237;a de la disnea y de la calidad de vida a las 8 semanas de haber iniciado tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En aquellos estudios que compararon el uso de umeclidinio&#47;vilanterol en combinaci&#243;n frente al uso de tiotropio en monoterapia se detect&#243; una mayor eficacia del primer grupo&#44; con mejor calidad de vida&#44; mayor adherencia al tratamiento&#44; menor n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones&#44; menor n&#250;mero de admisiones&#47;ingresos hospitalarios y mayor coste-efectividad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23-26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la relaci&#243;n de coste-efectividad&#44; en otro estudio se valor&#243; el uso de indacaterol&#47;glicopirronio frente al tiotropio&#44; resultando de forma significativa m&#225;s coste-efectiva la terapia combinada LAMA&#47;LAMA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">LAMA&#47;LABA</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el metaan&#225;lisis publicado en 2022 por Yiwen Gong et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> se compararon las distintas combinaciones de LAMA&#47;LABA&#44; reflej&#225;ndose que las combinaci&#243;n de vilanterol&#47;umeclidinio y formoterol&#47;aclidinio eran la m&#225;s y menos eficaz&#44; respectivamente&#44; mientras que el resto de combinaciones &#40;formoterol&#47;glicopirronio&#44; indacaterol&#47;glicopirronio y olodaterol&#47;tiotropio&#41; ten&#237;an una eficacia similar entre esos dos grupos&#46; La mejor&#237;a en la disnea&#44; el uso de medicaci&#243;n de rescate y el n&#250;mero de efectos adversos fueron similares entre los distintos grupos&#46; Resultados similares a los reflejados en el &#250;ltimo metaan&#225;lisis mencionado al apartado previo&#44; donde tambi&#233;n se demostr&#243; la mejor&#237;a en la calidad de vida y en la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> al comparar umeclidinio&#47;vilanterol con resto de combinaciones LAMA&#47;LABA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; en otro metaan&#225;lisis publicado previamente&#44; que trabajaba con grupos similares &#40;tiotropio&#47;salmeterol&#44; indacaterol&#47;glicopirronio&#44; vilanterol&#47;umeclidinio&#44; olodaterol&#47;tiotropio&#44; formoterol&#47;aclidinio y formoterol&#47;glicopirronio&#41;&#44; no se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a exacerbaciones&#44; mortalidad o neumon&#237;a entre las combinaciones estudiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al profundizar en el an&#225;lisis de las exacerbaciones en este grupo&#44; y en cu&#225;l de las combinaciones es mejor para reducir su riesgo&#44; se observan resultados dispares&#44; con falta de consenso entre los distintos estudios&#59; no parece existir unanimidad en torno a cu&#225;l de las combinaciones de biterapia es superior en la prevenci&#243;n de exacerbaciones en comparaci&#243;n con las dem&#225;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo referente al estudio de coste-efectividad de las distintas combinaciones tambi&#233;n se detectan resultados discrepantes&#44; con estudios en los que se detect&#243; un mejor perfil en el caso de umeclidinio vilanterol frente a la combinaci&#243;n de tiotropio&#47;olodaterol&#44; y viceversa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo referente a este grupo&#44; se observa una disminuci&#243;n en el volumen de publicaciones a favor de un aumento de los estudios sobre la triple terapia&#46; Fen&#243;meno con el que se alinean las recomendaciones internacionales m&#225;s recientes&#44; donde&#44; en caso de necesitar corticoide&#44; se da preferencia al uso de la triple terapia directamente&#44; frente al uso de LABA&#47;CI&#46; Esta preferencia contrasta con la pauta inicial a&#250;n respaldada por las gu&#237;as nacionales GesEPOC&#44; que todav&#237;a recomiendan la combinaci&#243;n LABA&#47;CI en una fase inicial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el estudio llevado a cabo en condiciones cl&#237;nicas reales por Suissa et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> se destac&#243; de forma significativa la menor la incidencia de exacerbaciones severas y neumon&#237;a en el uso de la combinaci&#243;n de budesonida&#47;formoterol frente a la de fluticasona&#47;salmeterol&#46; Resultados que concuerdan con los obtenidos en otros dos estudios publicados previamente en 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">LAMA vs LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de los aspectos fundamentales al comparar estos dos grupos de tratamiento&#44; y en todos aquellos en los que se comparen combinaciones que contengan corticoides&#44; es el riesgo incrementado de desarrollar neumon&#237;a que su uso puede conllevar&#46; En este contexto&#44; un estudio llevado a cabo en Corea por el grupo de Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#44; en pacientes con adecuada adherencia al tratamiento&#44; revel&#243; una incidencia superior de neumon&#237;a en el grupo de LABA&#47;CI frente al de LAMA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; las combinaciones que incluyen LABA&#47;CI han demostrado una mayor mejor&#237;a en la funci&#243;n pulmonar y en la capacidad de broncodilataci&#243;n en comparaci&#243;n con la monoterapia con LAMA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">LABA&#47;LAMA vs LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al comparar estos dos grupos parece haber un consenso generalizado en los beneficios de usar la combinaci&#243;n LAMA&#47;LABA frente a LABA&#47;CI para el control de la enfermedad&#46; De forma consistente y significativa se reflejan en los diferentes estudios una mejor&#237;a de la funci&#243;n pulmonar y de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; un mejor control de los s&#237;ntomas&#44; una menor incidencia de exacerbaciones y neumon&#237;as&#44; y una mejor adherencia al tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;15&#44;19&#44;44-48</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo referente al coste-efectividad&#44; las combinaciones de LAMA&#47;LABA se han demostrado superiores al uso de LABA&#47;CI&#44; principalmente debido al ahorro de recursos asociado a la reducci&#243;n de exacerbaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La triple terapia constituye probablemente el grupo o tema de mayor inter&#233;s en la actualidad&#44; dada su introducci&#243;n relativamente reciente y la limitada disponibilidad de ensayos cl&#237;nicos que comparen las diversas combinaciones de f&#225;rmacos dentro de este grupo&#46; De esta forma&#44; ha sido preciso llevar a cabo la mayor&#237;a de las comparaciones mediante metaan&#225;lisis de los ensayos cl&#237;nicos originales individuales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49-51</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el metaan&#225;lisis realizado por el grupo de Rogliani<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> &#40;en el que se incluyeron los estudios ETHOS&#44; IMPACT&#44; KRONOS y TRILOGY&#41; no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las distintas triples terapias en cuanto a varios par&#225;metros cl&#237;nicos relevantes&#58; exacerbaciones&#44; FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; control de s&#237;ntomas&#44; efectos adversos&#44; neumon&#237;a y mortalidad&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el equipo de Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#44; aunque tampoco encontr&#243; diferencias en el riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n&#44; s&#237; destac&#243; el menor riesgo de neumon&#237;a en el grupo de fluticasona&#47;glicopirronio&#47;salmeterol frente al uso de fluticasona&#47;tiotropio&#47;salmeterol y fluticasona&#47;umeclidinio&#47;salmeterol&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En otro estudio llevado a cabo recientemente en Jap&#243;n se encontr&#243; que las triples terapias de LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI con fluticasona&#47;umeclidinio&#47;vilanterol y budesonida&#47;glicopirronio&#47;formoterol mejoraban de forma significativa la funci&#243;n pulmonar &#40;capacidad inspiratoria&#44; capacidad vital forzada y FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; mientras que en el control de los s&#237;ntomas la combinaci&#243;n de fluticasona&#47;umeclidinio&#47;vilanterol result&#243; mejor en aquellos con s&#237;ntomas severos&#44; y la de budesonida&#47;glicopirronio&#47;formoterol en aquellos pacientes con s&#237;ntomas moderados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">LAMA o LABA vs LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios que han comparado las dos monoterapias con la triple terapia&#44; en pacientes con EPOC moderada-severa&#44; han arrojado resultados consistentes y favorables de forma significativa hacia la combinaci&#243;n de LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&#44; con un mejor control de los s&#237;ntomas&#44; mejor&#237;a de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> y menores casos de neumon&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55-57</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">LABA&#47;LAMA vs LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentro de este apartado es esencial hacer referencia a los ensayos cl&#237;nicos TRIBUTE&#44; ETHOS&#44; IMPACT y KRONOS&#44; que han proporcionado evidencia crucial sobre la eficacia de la terapia triple en comparaci&#243;n con la combinaci&#243;n de LAMA&#47;LABA&#44; objetiv&#225;ndose una mejor&#237;a de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; menor n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones moderadas-severas y mejor control sintom&#225;tico&#46; La diferencia de mayor relevancia la podr&#237;amos encontrar en el riego de efectos adversos&#44; donde el estudio IMPACT refiere mayor riesgo de neumon&#237;a con la triple terapia&#44; mientras que en los otros tres ensayos la incidencia es similar entre los grupos de tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58-61</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados obtenidos en estos ensayos son consistentes con los obtenidos en otros estudios posteriores&#44; donde tambi&#233;n se ha reflejado una mejor calidad de vida y control de la enfermedad con la triple terapia&#46; La discrepancia con el riesgo de neumon&#237;a se mantiene&#44; ya que en algunos de los estudios se objetiva riesgo similar entre grupos&#44; y en otros&#44; un mayor riesgo con la triple terapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62-64</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que a la coste-efectividad concierne&#44; el uso de triple terapia con budesonida&#47;glicopirronio&#47;formoterol ha demostrado mejor perfil que la combinaci&#243;n LAMA&#47;LABA&#44; principalmente debido a la reducci&#243;n de exacerbaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65&#44;66</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; en los estudios EVELUT y SUNSET&#44; de forma acorde a las recomendaciones de la GOLD&#44; se ha objetivado que en pacientes con bajo riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n el hecho de desescalar de triple terapia a biterapia o el cambio de LABA&#47;CI a la combinaci&#243;n LAMA&#47;LABA proporciona un adecuado control de los s&#237;ntomas&#44; protegiendo de los riesgos asociados a a&#241;adir corticoides a la terapia y sin aumentar el n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;68</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">LABA&#47;CI vs LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ensayos cl&#237;nicos previamente citados &#40;ETHOS&#44; IMPACT Y KRONOS&#41; tambi&#233;n compararon la triple terapia con la biterapia LABA&#47;CI&#46; Estos ensayos&#44; junto con TRILOGY y FULFILL&#44; han proporcionado resultados que respaldan de forma consistente los beneficios de la terapia triple en t&#233;rminos de mejora de la FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; menor incidencia de exacerbaciones&#44; mejor control de la enfermedad en pacientes con EPOC y similar riesgo de efectos adversos o de neumon&#237;a &#40;excepto en el estudio IMPACT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59-61&#44;69-71</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera complementaria a lo mencionado anteriormente&#44; el empleo de la triple terapia&#44; gracias a la menor incidencia de exacerbaciones que supone su uso&#44; se ha revelado como m&#225;s coste-efectiva que la combinaci&#243;n LABA&#47;IC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65&#44;66</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras haber llevado a cabo el an&#225;lisis y la revisi&#243;n de los mencionados ensayos&#44; estudios y metaan&#225;lisis m&#225;s recientes&#44; se deducen&#44; en un primer lugar&#44; las siguientes conclusiones de la comparativa realizada entre los distintos tratamientos dentro de los distintos grupos terap&#233;uticos&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el tratamiento con monoterapia LAMA parece no haber diferencias significativas entre los distintos f&#225;rmacos&#44; mientras que dentro de la biterapia con LABA&#47;IC s&#237; que la combinaci&#243;n con budesonida&#47;formoterol frente a la de fluticasona&#47;salmeterol parece aportar u mejor control de la enfermedad&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentro de las distintas combinaciones LAMA&#47;LABA o LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&#44; no parece haber ning&#250;n f&#225;rmaco que haya mostrado un claro beneficio con respecto al resto de f&#225;rmacos de su subgrupo&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un segundo apartado es necesario destacar la situaci&#243;n de prominencia que est&#225; alcanzado la triple terapia como pilar b&#225;sico del tratamiento en aquellos pacientes exacerbadores mal controlados o de fenotipo eosinof&#237;lico frente a la doble terapia&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados mencionados parecen anunciar el desplazamiento de la biterapia con LABA&#47;CI a favor de la biterapia con LAMA&#47;LABA y de la triple terapia&#44; habiendo demostrado ambos un mejor control de la enfermedad en las publicaciones revisadas&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentro de este apartado es importante destacar el hecho de que&#44; a pesar de que las combinaciones de triple terapia incluyen corticoides en su pauta&#44; esto no aparenta reflejar una mayor incidencia de efectos secundarios o neumon&#237;a &#40;a excepci&#243;n de los resultados del estudio IMPACT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como apartado final a las conclusiones derivadas de la revisi&#243;n realizada&#44; cabe destacar que los hallazgos y la evidencia recopilada en la literatura se alinean estrechamente con las recomendaciones de la GOLD y las directrices espa&#241;olas para el tratamiento de la EPOC &#40;GesEPOC&#41;&#46; Si se solicitara orientaci&#243;n sobre las pautas de tratamiento&#44; la recomendaci&#243;n a seguir seg&#250;n lo revisado ser&#237;a adherirse a los algoritmos y directrices delineados por ambos grupos&#44; ya que presentan notables similitudes tanto en la clasificaci&#243;n del riesgo y estratificaci&#243;n de los pacientes como en el enfoque terap&#233;utico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1-4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambas gu&#237;as posicionan a los pacientes con menor n&#250;mero de exacerbaciones y mejor control sintom&#225;tico en los grupos de riesgo m&#225;s bajos&#44; donde se recomienda la administraci&#243;n de un solo inhalador LAMA&#46; Gradualmente se progresa a aquellos con un mayor riesgo o peor control sintom&#225;tico&#44; quienes iniciar&#237;an con una terapia dual LAMA&#47;LABA&#46; Finalmente&#44; los que presentan el mayor riesgo&#44; con mal control de las exacerbaciones&#44; iniciar&#237;an&#44; en caso de fenotipo no eosinof&#237;lico&#44; con una terapia dual LAMA&#47;LABA&#44; o&#44; en caso de fenotipo eosinof&#237;lico&#44; con la combinaci&#243;n LABA&#47;IC o con la triple terapia LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;IC de acuerdo al algoritmo a seguir&#44; ya sea el de la GesEPOC o el de la GOLD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1-4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este &#250;ltimo apartado es donde posiblemente se manifieste la mayor discrepancia entre ambas&#58; mientras que la GesEPOC prefiere un primer escal&#243;n previo con LABA&#47;CI antes de considerar la triple terapia&#44; la GOLD empieza directamente con ella&#46; La evidencia revisada nos hace respaldar en cierta medida la decisi&#243;n de las recomendaciones de la GOLD&#44; ya que la triple terapia&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con la terapia dual con LABA&#47;CI&#44; ha demostrado mejores resultados &#40;mejora de la funci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; incidencia de exacerbaciones y control de s&#237;ntomas&#41;&#44; con un perfil de riesgo de efectos adversos o de neumon&#237;a similar&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En perspectiva hacia el futuro&#44; se precisa llevar a cabo estudios poblacionales en condiciones cl&#237;nicas del mundo real con el fin de profundizar en la comprensi&#243;n de las diferencias entre los diversos f&#225;rmacos y combinaciones terap&#233;uticas&#46; Estas investigaciones pueden arrojar luz sobre el comportamiento de las terapias en el &#225;mbito de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria&#44; considerando aspectos como la adherencia del paciente&#44; la tolerancia a largo plazo&#44; la eficacia a lo largo del tiempo y los efectos secundarios en situaciones del mundo real&#46; Este enfoque nos permitir&#225; optimizar de manera m&#225;s precisa la elecci&#243;n de la pauta de tratamiento m&#225;s efectiva y adecuada para satisfacer las necesidades individuales de nuestros pacientes con EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No ha habido financiaci&#243;n de ning&#250;n tipo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores de esta revisi&#243;n no presentan ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La base del tratamiento de mantenimiento de la EPOC son los broncodilatadores de acci&#243;n larga y los corticoides inhalados&#46; Frente a las modificaciones recientes en las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#44; hemos llevado a cabo una revisi&#243;n de los estudios que contrastan las diversas alternativas terap&#233;uticas y los agentes farmacol&#243;gicos dentro de cada categor&#237;a&#44; con el prop&#243;sito fundamental de arrojar luz sobre cu&#225;les de estas opciones demuestran ser m&#225;s efectivas&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La triple terapia se destaca como fundamental en pacientes exacerbadores mal controlados o de fenotipo eosinof&#237;lico&#44; superando a la biterapia&#46; Sin embargo&#44; entre las combinaciones de LAMA&#47;LABA o LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&#44; no se observa un f&#225;rmaco superior en la evidencia revisada&#46; A pesar de que las terapias triples incluyen corticoides&#44; no parece haber un aumento significativo en efectos secundarios o neumon&#237;a&#46; En cuanto a la monoterapia con LAMA&#44; no se aprecian diferencias significativas entre los f&#225;rmacos&#44; pero en la biterapia con LABA&#47;CI&#44; la combinaci&#243;n budesonida&#47;formoterol parece ofrecer un mejor control de la enfermedad que fluticasona&#47;salmeterol&#46;</p></span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The basis of COPD maintenance treatment is the long-acting bronchodilators and the inhaled corticosteroids&#46; Faced with the recent modifications in the clinical practice guidelines&#44; we have carried out a review of studies that contrast the various therapeutic alternatives and pharmacological agents within each category&#44; with the fundamental purpose of shedding light on which of these options prove to be more effective&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Triple therapy stands out as essential in poorly controlled patients or with an eosinophilic phenotype&#44; surpassing dual therapy&#46; However&#44; among the combinations of LAMA&#47;LABA or LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;IC&#44; no drug is observed to be superior in the reviewed evidence&#46; Although triple therapies include corticosteroids&#44; there does not appear to be a significant increase in side effects or pneumonia&#46; Regarding monotherapy with LAMA&#44; no significant differences are seen between the drugs&#44; but in dual therapy with LABA&#47;IC&#44; the budesonide&#47;formoterol combination seems to offer better control than fluticasone&#47;salmeterol&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; adaptada de las recomendaciones GOLD 2023<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exacerbaciones &#8805; 2 o &#8805; 1 ingreso en el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grupo E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exacerbaciones 0-1 en &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grupo A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grupo B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mMRC 0-1&#44; CAT &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">mMRC &#8805; 2&#44; CAT &#8805; 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3674165.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta de estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo y clasificaci&#243;n de acuerdo a los s&#237;ntomas y riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valorar realizar desescalada de LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI &#8594; LAMA&#47;LABA si alto riesgo de neumon&#237;a&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; adaptada de las recomendaciones GOLD 2023<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fenotipo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento inicial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento &#40;control de s&#237;ntomas y exacerbaciones&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No exacerbadores de bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control escalar LAMA&#47;LABA &#8594; Si mal control a pesar de ello&#44; pasar a grupo E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No exacerbadores de alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&#47;LABA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control a pesar de ello&#44; pasar a grupo E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exacerbadores no eosinof&#237;licos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&#47;LABA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control y &#62; 100 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; escalar a LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CIoSi mal control y &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; a&#241;adir roflumilast o azitromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exacerbadores de fenotipo eosinof&#237;lico &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3674168.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta de inicio y seguimiento de tratamiento farmacol&#243;gica de acuerdo a los s&#237;ntomas y riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; adaptada de las gu&#237;as GesEPOC 2021<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo bajo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo alto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> post-broncodilataci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805; 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disnea &#40;mMRC 0-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exacerbaciones en el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805; 2 o 1 ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3674166.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta de estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo y clasificaci&#243;n de acuerdo a los s&#237;ntomas&#44; riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n y funci&#243;n pulmonar</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; adaptada de las gu&#237;as GesEPOC 2021<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fenotipo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento inicial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seguimiento &#40;control de s&#237;ntomas y exacerbaciones&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bajo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control&#44; escalar LAMA&#47;LABA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No agudizador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&#47;LABA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Agudizador no eosinof&#237;lico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LAMA&#47;LABA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control y &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; escalar a LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8226; Valorar la posibilidad de iniciar tratamiento con LABA&#47;IC si &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> y en funci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas de las agudizaciones y el riesgo de neumon&#237;a&#8226; Valorar desescalada de LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI &#8594; LAMA&#47;LABA si adecuado control con alto riesgo de neumon&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Agudizador eosinof&#237;lico &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300 eosin&#243;filos&#47;mm3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LABA&#47;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Si mal control&#44; escalar LAMA&#47;LABA&#47;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta de inicio y seguimiento de tratamiento farmacol&#243;gica de acuerdo a los s&#237;ntomas&#44; el riesgo de exacerbaci&#243;n y la funci&#243;n pulmonar</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "&#91;Spanish COPD Guidelines &#40;GesEPOC&#41; 2021&#58; Updated pharmacological treatment of stable COPD&#93; Actualizaci&#243;n 2021 de la Gu&#237;a Espa&#241;ola de la EPOC &#40;GesEPOC&#41;&#46; Tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico de la EPOC estable"
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                            3 => "P&#46; Almagro"
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                            0 => "M&#46; MacLeod"
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                            2 => "M&#46; Contoli"
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                            5 => "J&#46;A&#46; Wedzicha"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/resp.14041"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "551"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                0 => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "Y&#46; Suzuki"
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                            2 => "K&#46; Sato"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                            2 => "S&#46; Shen"
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                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41533-018-0084-8"
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                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "18"
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                            5 => "L&#46; Lin"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2147/COPD.S173472"
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                            4 => "N&#46; Fujino"
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                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12890-020-1152-8"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "C&#46; Vogelmeier"
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                            3 => "H&#46; Schmidt"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 11383593
Idioma original: Español
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