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Vol. 19. Núm. 2.
Páginas 82-90 (febrero - marzo 2012)
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Vol. 19. Núm. 2.
Páginas 82-90 (febrero - marzo 2012)
Open Access
Evaluación hemodinámica no invasiva con cardiografía de impedancia: aplicaciones en falla cardíaca y en hipertensión arterial
Non-invasive hemodynamic evaluation with impedance cardiography: applications in heart failure and hypertension
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17510
Jon Kepa Balparda1,2,3, Jaime A. Gallo1,2, Juan G. McEwen1,3, Juan E. Ochoa3,4,5, Dagnóvar Aristizábal2,3,
Autor para correspondencia
dagnovar@une.net.co

Correspondencia: Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR. Teléfono: (574) 604 0007.
1 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia
2 Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR
3 Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas
4 Istituto Auxologico Italiano. Milán, Italia
5 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca. Milán, Italia
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La cardiografía de impendancia (CGI) representa un método no invasivo para la evaluación del estado hemodinámico latido a latido. Aunque se introdujo por primera vez hace más de 40 años, la CGI ha mostrado un resurgimiento en la última década, a partir de una serie de estudios clínicos que han demostrado su precisión en la estimación del volumen latido, tanto contra el “gold-standard“invasivo (termodilución), como contra los métodos de referencia no invasivos (ecocardiografía). Diversos estudios demuestran la utilidad de esta técnica en el manejo del paciente con falla cardíaca y en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de la hipertensión arterial, por lo cual constituyen actualmente dos de las aplicaciones clínicas más importantes de la CGI. En falla cardiaca, los cambios en el volumen de líquido del tórax y del gasto cardíaco evaluados por CGI, han demostrado ser predictores de descompensación aguda, incluso semanas antes del inicio de la sintomatología respiratoria; además, permiten identificar el origen cardiogénico o respiratorio de la disnea cuando el examen físico y los demás paraclínicos no son concluyentes. En los pacientes con hipertensión arterial no controlada o resistente, la CGI permite realizar una mejor caracterización del fenotipo hipertensivo y elegir la estrategia farmacológica más específica para intervenir la alteración hemodinámica predominante (resistencia vascular vs. gasto cardiaco elevado). En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los principios biofísicos de la CGI y su utilidad en la evaluación no invasiva del estado hemodinámico, así como una evaluación crítica de la literatura que da soporte a su aplicación clínica en el tratamiento de la falla cardíaca y la hipertensión arterial.

Palabras clave:
cardiografía de impedancia
estado hemodinámico
falla cardíaca
hipertensión arterial

Impedance cardiography (ICG) represents a non-invasive method for hemodynamic assessment in a beat-to-beat basis. Since its introduction more than forty years ago, a renewed interest in the use of this technique during the last decade has been noticed, mainly as a result of a series of clinical studies showing its precision in the estimation of stroke volume either against invasive gold standard (i.e. thermodilution) or against non-invasive reference methods (i.e. echocardiography). On the other hand, ICG has demonstrated to be useful for the management of heart failure patients and for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to hypertension, which currently constitute two of the major applications of ICG. In heart failure patients, changes in thoracic fluid content and cardiac output tracked by ICG have shown to be predictors of acute decompensation even weeks before respiratory symptoms appear; also allowing identification of a cardiac vs. respiratory origin of dyspnea when physical examination and laboratory tests are not conclusive. In the particular case of patients with uncontrolled or severe hypertension, ICG makes possible a better characterization of hypertensive phenotype leading to a more specific choice of pharmacological agents to treat the primary hemodynamic alteration (i.e elevated peripheral resistance vs. elevated cardiac output). The present review, provides a review of the biophysical principles of ICG and its precision in measuring stroke volume and present a critical assessment of the literature supporting its clinical application in the management of heart failure and arterial hypertension

Keywords:
impedance cardiography
hemodynamics
heart failure
arterial hypertension
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Copyright © 2012. Socidad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular
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