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Vol. 17. Núm. 1.
Páginas 22-27 (enero - febrero 2010)
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Vol. 17. Núm. 1.
Páginas 22-27 (enero - febrero 2010)
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Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en el paciente con síndrome metabólico
Hypertension treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome
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4359
Patricio López-Jaramillo
Autor para correspondencia
joselopez@fcv.org
jplopezj@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Instituto de Investigaciones. Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Calle 155 A No. 23-58, Urbanización El Bosque, Floridablanca, Santander. Teléfonos: 57 7 6399292- 57 315 3068939
Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones. Bucaramanga, Colombia
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El síndrome metabólico afecta alrededor de 25% a 45% de la población colombiana de acuerdo con los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por la Federación Internacional de Diabetes, los cuales, en nuestra población, aparecen como los más útiles. Bien se sabe que el síndrome metabólico se asocia con un incremento tres a seis veces en el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes y nuevos casos de hipertensión. En Colombia, un estudio de cohorte realizado en pacientes que sufrieron infarto agudo del miocardio, demostró que la resistencia a la insulina fue el principal factor que predijo muerte cardiovascular o presencia de nuevos eventos cardio-cerebro-vasculares. Además, la presencia de síndrome metabólico se asocia con más frecuencia a daño subclínico de órgano blanco. El principal tratamiento en sujetos con síndrome metabólico es la reducción del peso corporal a través de la implementación de una dieta baja en calorías y aumento del ejercicio físico. Así, los pacientes con este síndrome necesitan la administración adicional de medicamentos antihipertensivos, antidiabéticos orales o fármacos hipolipemiantes cuando existe franca hipertensión, diabetes o dislipidemia. En vista de que el riesgo cardiovascular es alto en pacientes hipertensos con síndrome metabólico, es necesario hacer un riguroso control de la presión arterial, manteniendo los niveles siempre por debajo de 130/85mm Hg. A no ser que existan indicaciones específicas, en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico se debe evitar el uso de beta-bloqueadores, ya que son bien conocidos sus efectos adversos en el aumento de peso, en la incidencia de nuevos casos de diabetes, en la resistencia a la insulina y en el perfil lipídico. Los diuréticos tiazídicos presentan efectos diabetogénicos y otras acciones dismetabólicas, especialmente a dosis altas, por lo que no deben utilizarse en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. Por lo tanto, los fármacos recomendados como primera opción en sujetos hipertensos con síndrome metabólico son los antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina (ARA II) o los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA), los cuales han demostrado reducir la incidencia de nuevos casos de diabetes y tener también efectos favorables en el daño de órgano blanco. Si no se controla la presión arterial con monoterapia, al IECA o al ARA II se les asocia un calcioantagonista, combinación que produce una menor incidencia de nuevos casos de diabetes que la combinación con beta bloqueadores o diuréticos tiazídicos.

Palabras clave:
síndrome metabólico
hipertensión
tratamiento

Metabolic syndrome affects about 25% to 45% of the Colombian population according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Diabetes Federation, that in our population appear to be the most useful. It is well known that the metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of three to six times in the development of diabetes and new hypertension cases. In Colombia, a cohort study realized in patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarct showed that insulin resistance was the main factor that predicted cardiovascular death or presence of new cardio-cerebral-vascular events. Furthermore, the presence of metabolic syndrome is more frequently associated with subclinical target organ damage. The main treatment in subjects with metabolic syndrome consists in decrease in body weight through the implementation of a low calorie diet and increase in physical exercise. Besides, patients with this syndrome need additional administration of antihypertensive medication, oral antidiabetic or hypolipemic drugs when there exists evident hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidemia. Given the high cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome, a rigorous blood pressure control maintaining levels always under 130/85mm Hg, is needed. Unless there may be specific indications, in patients with metabolic syndrome the use of beta-blockers may be avoided given their well known adverse effects in weight increase, incidence of new cases of diabetes, insulin resistance and lipid profile. Tiazid diuretics have diabetogenic effects and other dysmetabolic actions, especially at high doses; for this reason they must not be used in patients with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the recommended drugs as first choice in hypertensive subjects with metabolic syndrome are the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, that have shown to reduce the incidence of diabetes and to have favorable effects in the target organ damage. If the blood pressure is not controlled with monotherapy, a calcium antagonist is added to the ARB or ACE inhibitor. This combination produces a lower incidence of new cases of diabetes than the combination with beta-blockers or tiazid diuretics.

Keywords:
metabolic syndrome
hypertension
treatment
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