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array:23 [ "pii" => "S003493561300193X" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2013.05.016" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-08-01" "aid" => "351" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013;60:e1-e18" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1343 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 6 "HTML" => 1040 "PDF" => 297 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0034935612002071" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2012.05.018" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-08-01" "aid" => "124" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013;60:399-402" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2304 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 6 "HTML" => 2023 "PDF" => 275 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Caso clínico</span>" "titulo" => "Anestesia y reanimación en un caso de placenta pércreta" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "399" "paginaFinal" => "402" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Anaesthesia and recovery in a case of placenta percreta" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 710 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 233991 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagen microscópica (hematoxilina-eosina ×25) con infiltración de las vellosidades coriales en el espesor del miometrio. 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"apellidos" => "del Valle Ruiz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0034935612002071?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00349356/0000006000000007/v1_201308300017/S0034935612002071/v1_201308300017/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S003493561300011X" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2013.01.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-08-01" "aid" => "264" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2013;60:392-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2793 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 4 "HTML" => 2207 "PDF" => 582 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Revisión</span>" "titulo" => "Craneotomía en el paciente consciente. 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Considerations in special situations" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 675 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 89949 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infiltración de la línea de incisión quirúrgica con aguja espinal tipo Quincke 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G de 88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "I. Solera Ruiz, R. Uña Orejón, I. Valero, F. Laroche" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." 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Maseda, R. Ferrer, A. Rodríguez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Zaragoza" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "zaragozar@ono.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Llinares" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Maseda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Ferrer" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "the <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Épico</span> Project Group" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">◊</span>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrasa, Terrasa, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Juan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Proyecto <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Épico</span>: Formulación de unas recomendaciones educativas con metodología DELPHI para pacientes adultos críticos no neutropénicos y con candidiasis invasiva" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients has significantly increased in the past years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a> In our country, the estimated incidence of candidemia is 4.3 episodes/10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> habitants,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> of which 33–55% of the cases are located in the Intensive Care Units (ICU),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> although this percentage may have decreased in the last few years.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the increased incidence, a change in the distribution of the different <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species has been observed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> continues to be the predominant species in the ICU,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> representing approximately half of the isolates. According to a recent epidemiological study published,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> are the second and third most common isolated species in our country.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the important financial burden on the health systems, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> infections and candidemia are associated to elevated high mortality rate in critically ill patients. Candidemia is associated in the United States with a 14.5% increase of the mortality rate in adults, and a 10% increase in pediatric patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> On the other hand, the crude mortality rates and mortality rates associated to invasive candidiasis have been established at 40–78% and 20–40%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,56</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the last few years, new antifungal agents have offered different alternatives in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. However, and due to the heterogeneity of the recommendations from the different scientific societies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,15,47</span></a> the most effective therapeutic strategy has not yet been established, resulting in a remarkable lack of consensus when establishing the diagnosis and most appropriate treatment for this patient population.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this research study is to analyze the present situation in the management of invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients in our country's hospitals. For this purpose, between January and September 2012, a panel of specialists from 5 scientific societies was formed – The Spanish Association of Mycology (AEM) as promoter, the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC); the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapeutics (SEDAR); The Spanish Society of Critical, Intensive and Coronary Medicine Units (SEMICYUC); and the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ) – with extensive experience in the treatment of non-neutropenic critically ill patients, who were requested to complete a questionnaire elaborated by the 5 coordinators responsible for the research, after having made a thorough review of the literature of the last five years. In the cases in which no consensus was reached, the experts detailed the reasons for the divergent opinions.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the coordinating group selected several recommendations, a second face to face meeting was held with 80 specialists from the entire national geography, who commonly care for critically ill adult patients with invasive candidiasis, who voted and validated the preselected recommendations.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The panel of specialists was composed of 25 specialists with a wide geographical distribution in our country, pertaining to the five scientific societies collaborating in the research. The criteria of inclusion were based on their experience in the research of candidemia and on the prognostic and clinical management of non-neutropenic critically ill patients with a suspected or confirmed onset of invasive candidiasis.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The DELPHI technique was used to carry out the study with the objective of optimizing the consultation process of the 25 panel members. Specifically, the DELPHI methodology enables group opinions, and not merely individual opinions, from the experts in the different areas of information provided by the coordinators. A consensus greater than 75% (19–25 participants) was required in each of the questions formulated. In the cases in which the majority of the responses to a given question were shared by 15–18 participants, the degree of consensus was established as medium, whereas in those cases in which consensus was only shared by 14 or less experts, the degree of consensus was defined as low.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 47 total questions elaborated by the coordinators (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) are distributed in five different sections or specialties: Epidemiological section, 6 questions (developed by E.M. and P.L.); Scores section, 5 questions (developed by A.R. and R.Z.); Laboratory diagnosis section, 14 questions (developed by R.Z. and A.R.); Treatment section, 11 questions (developed by P.L. and E.M.); and Therapeutic de-escalation section, 9 questions (developed by R.F. and R.Z.).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was carried out in two phases. In the first one, and with the objective of detecting the degree of consensus, between May 18 and 29, 2012, the 25 specialists (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) completed anonymously on Internet the categorical and metric scale questionnaire (majority). The coordinators responsible for the systematic search of the literature to elaborate the questions did not answer the questionnaire.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questions that did not achieve the necessary consensus – the answers of the majority of the participants should coincide with at least 19–25 experts to reach a consensus of 75%, usually required in the DELPHI studies – were included in the second phase, carried out between June 8 and 14, 2012 on Internet, with the anonymous participation of 22 of the 25 specialists included in the initial phase.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second phase aimed to identify the reasons that explained for the different opinions among the experts. Likewise, the coordinators, responsible for the analysis and identification of the questions with greatest deviation of opinion, were not included in the second phase.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this, as explained above, the list of recommendations was validated in the face to face meeting held on September 15, 2012.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">First phase – DELPHI experts</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Epidemiological section</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.-Among the risk factors that may affect critically ill patients, in your opinion, to what extent do you believe the development of invasive candidiasis is important?</span></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species are a significant cause of infection in critically ill patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31,34,56,63</span></a> The results of the EPIC II study, carried out with 13,796 adult patients admitted to 1265 ICUs in 76 countries, evidenced that 51% of the patients presented an infectious process, with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> being the third microorganism responsible of the infection (17% of the patients infected) after <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> (20.5%) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas</span> (19.9%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In USA, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> infection was the main cause of fungal infection in hospitalized patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> In addition, the incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> infections in the ICUs has increased in different countries throughout the last few years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A large majority of the experts consulted (88%) confirmed the importance of suffering candidiasis among the risk factors that could affect critically ill patients. Specifically, and based on a 0–10 point scale, where 10 represents the maximum level of importance, 22 experts granted 7 or more points to candidiasis. The average score was established at 7.7 points, with a standard deviation of 1.9 points. The consensus level achieved was high (>75%).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.-To what extent do you consider candidemia an important factor of mortality associated with critically ill patients?</span></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Invasive candidiasis is a major cause of direct and indirect mortality in neutropenic and non-neutropenic critically ill patients. The crude mortality rates associated with invasive candidiasis are 40–78% and 20–40%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,56</span></a> In USA, candidemia is associated with a 14.5% increase of mortality in adults, as well as 10% in pediatric patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> Nevertheless, invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients with cancer can be a severe marker, whereas it is difficult to differentiate mortality directly attributable to invasive candidiasis from that of a concurrent infection or an underlying tumor disease.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the expert panel members considered candidemia a very important mortality factor associated with critically ill patients. Specifically, and based on a scale of 0–10 points, 19 experts granted 7 or more points to candidemia as a mortality factor. The average score was 7.4 points, with a standard deviation of 2.2 points. The degree of consensus reached by the experts was high (>75%).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3.-To what extent do you consider the distribution of Candida species in the last few decades, as well as its impact on the antifungal susceptibility patterns, important factors?</span></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> In the last few years, a change in the distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species in ICUs has been experimented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47,60</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> is still the predominant species in the ICUs,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>, and approximately 15% has a low susceptibility to fluconazole. Also, the distribution of species varies with age: the incidence of candidemia due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> increases with age, opposite to what occurs with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approximately 85% of the experts consulted consider the change in the distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species in the last few years very relevant, as well as its impact on the antifungal susceptibility patterns. Specifically, and using a 0–10 point scale, 21 experts granted 7 or more points to the change in the distribution of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species. The average score was 7.6 points, with a standard deviation of 1.8 points. The degree of consensus achieved was high (>75%).</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4.-To what extent do you consider important the identification of risk factors predisposing to Candida infections when the species might be other than C. albicans?</span></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Studies have identified several factors predisposing to infections caused by other species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> different from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> (predominantly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span>). Among these, prior triazole therapy, gastrointestinal tract surgery in the 30 days prior to the onset of candidemia, as well as patients over 65 years of age, can be highlighted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> These factors should be taken into account since <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> are both potentially resistant to fluconazole.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> For its part, the emergence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> has been associated with younger ages, the administration of echinocandins and deficient control practices, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> is particularly common in neutropenic patients with an underlying hematological disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52,59</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vast majority of the specialists consulted (92%) consider the identification of risk factors that may favor the emergence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species, other than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, of utmost importance. Specifically, being 10 points the highest score and 0 the lowest, 23 experts granted 7 or more points to the importance of identifying these risk factors. The average score was 8.5 points, with a standard deviation of 1.4 points. The degree of consensus achieved was again very high (>75%).</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5.-To what extent do you consider important the evaluation of the clinical features of critically ill patients, taking into account that they can condition the presentation of invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Invasive candidiasis can present as isolated candidemia, non-documented invasive candidiasis or a combination of both. Prior surgery and patients with solid tumors are significantly more frequent in patients with invasive candidiasis, while prior antibiotic therapy, neutropenia and hematological tumors are significantly more common in patients with candidemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Additionally, the crude mortality rate due to candidemia in critically ill patients remains high and is related to the host (diagnosis upon admission to the ICU), and not to the variables of the treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> Metastatic processes occur in a considerable proportion of the patients in the ICU with candidemia and care must be given to possible secondary foci.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A large majority of the experts consulted (88%) highlighted the importance of evaluating the clinical features of critically ill patients, since they can condition the appearance of candidiasis. Specifically, and based on a scale of 0–10, where 10 represents the maximum level of importance, 22 experts granted 7 or more points to the evaluation of clinical features. The average score was established at 8.2 points, with a standard deviation of 1.4 points. The degree of consensus reached was high (>75%).</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6.-Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: (1) Candida species are a determining factor in mortality associated with invasive candidiasis. (2) The underlying disease is a determining factor in mortality associated with invasive candidiasis</span></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> In addition to an adequate control of the infectious focus, the infectious process is conditioned by three factors: the susceptibility of the infecting organism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,61</span></a>; the virulence of the organism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,26</span></a>; and the severity of the underlying disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,23</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> have been associated with an elevated rate of mortality, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> has been associated with a low pathogenicity. The severity of the underlying disease is an important mortality factor and, in fact, the total mortality is greater in candidemic critically ill patients, than in the general population. In the study of Marriott et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> the age, the diagnoses upon admission to the ICUs (other than polytraumatisms) and the mechanical ventilation upon onset of the candidemia, were independent mortality factors in the multivariate analysis. Recent studies have evidenced that the use of echinocandins and the early administration of antifungal therapy resulted in lower mortality rates of invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Perhaps the benefits of optimized antifungal treatment are hidden in ICU patients by a severe underlying disease affecting mortality.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Close to 85% of the panel members consider <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species a determining factor of mortality associated with candidiasis. Specifically, on a scale of 1–5 points, in which 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 21 experts granted 4 or 5 points in favor. The average score was established at 4.1 points. A high degree of consensus was reported (>75%).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When considering an underlying disease as a determining factor of mortality associated with candidiasis, total consensus was achieved. Based on 1–5 point scale, the 25 experts consulted granted 4 or 5 points in favor, establishing an average of 4.8 points.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Score section</span></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.-On what factors do you base the initiation of antifungal therapy in patients with severe sepsis, fever, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and negative culture results?</span></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coordinators responses: Risk Factors, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> Score, Multicolonization, Markers, Poor evolution.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of the experts consulted based the initiation of antifungal treatment in patients with severe sepsis, fever, broad-spectrum antifungal therapy and negative blood culture results on risk factors (8 experts) or the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> Score (8 experts). Only 1 specialist claimed to base treatment on markers, while multicolonization or poor evolutions were options selected in each case by 4 of the experts. A medium degree of consensus was achieved (>50% and <75%).</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.-Multicolonization is one of the factors contemplated in the Candida Score. Do you consider the evaluation of multicolonization indispensable to use the Candida Score?</span></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Studies published in the literature have demonstrated that multicolonization is a prognostic factor in proven candidiasis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> and the colonization index is directly correlated to invasive fungal infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An ample majority of the experts consulted (83%) considered indispensable the evaluation of multicolonization to use the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> Score. Specifically, based on a 0–10 point scale, where 10 is of utmost importance, 21 experts granted 7 or more points to the evaluation of clinical features. The average score was 8.0 points, with a standard deviation of 1.9 points. A high degree of consensus was achieved (>75%).</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3.-To what extent do you use the corrected colonization index (CCI) to guide the treatment of invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The Pittet Index or CCI (ratio of highly positive samples/total number of samples analyzed) was described in surgical patients and demonstrated that a corrected colonization with a threshold of >0.4 has a positive predictive value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> and a 100%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> negative predictive value on the development of invasive candidiasis.</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the experts consulted confirmed they do not use the corrected colonization index (CCI) to guide the treatment of invasive candidiasis, or only used it sporadically. Specifically, 10 experts confirmed the use of CCI ‘in some cases’ and 9 did not use it ‘in any case’, while 6 admitted its use ‘in the majority of the cases’. A high degree of consensus was reached (>75%).</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4.-In how many cases out of ten, concerning patients at risk of acquiring invasive fungal infection, do you use the Candida Score to guide the treatment of invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The Candida Score is useful to evaluate the risk of developing invasive fungal infections, with a low positive predictive value and a very high negative predictive value. Therefore, it is highly improbable that non-neutropenic critically ill patients colonized with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>, having a Candida Score below 3, are at risk of developing invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Then, only patients with a Candida Score exceeding 2.5 will be benefited from the administration of early antifungal therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two percent of the experts consulted confirmed the use of the Candida Score to evaluate the risk of developing invasive fungal infections. Specifically, 18 of the experts confirmed that they used this score in at least 7 out of 10 non-neutropenic critically ill patients with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp. colonization, while 3 used it in 6 patients, 2 in 5 patients, 1 in 4 patients and 1 expert in no case. The experts reached a medium degree of consensus (>50% and <75%).</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account that the question did not achieve a minimum degree of consensus in accordance with the DELPHI technique, it was included in the second phase, in which the experts were asked to explain why they did not use the Candida Score on a regular basis in these situations. Among the explanations offered, we highlight: (1) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">It has a poor positive predictive value; it's only useful to not administer antifungal therapy, since the negative predictive value is very good</span>’. And (2) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">There are difficulties for obtaining surveillance cultures; even when they have been performed, since results are only obtained after 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours, early treatment that reduces the rate of mortality is impeded</span>’.</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5.-To what extent do you agree on only using a rectal sample and urine to detect colonization?</span></p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> An important contribution resulting from the CAVA Study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> is the independent identification of predictive values of invasive candidiasis, from each of the colonization sample locations, limiting the number of samples for colonization evaluation to those that are significant: rectal sample and urine.</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty percent of the experts consulted considered the use of a rectal sample and urine sufficient for detecting colonization. Specifically, based on a 0–10 point scale, where 10 is the maximum level of importance, 20 experts granted 7 or more points to the exclusive use of both samples. The average score was 7.4 points, with a standard deviation of 2.5 points. A high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Laboratory diagnostic section</span></p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.-In your opinion, and in suspected cases of invasive candidiasis, which frequency would you recommend to perform blood cultures?</span></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> At present, hemocultures are the gold standard in diagnosing invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17,51</span></a> However, this technique only offers a sensitivity of 50% in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> Therefore, a higher number of tests could increase this diagnostic rate.</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety-two percent of the experts consulted recommended performing hemocultures on a daily basis or, at least, every two or three days. Specifically, 6 experts advocated performing them on a daily basis and 16 every two or three days, while 1 specialist recommended performing hemocultures once a week, and 2 to perform only one hemoculture and wait for results. A high degree of consensus was achieved (>75%).</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">2.-Indicate to what extent you request each of the following two diagnostic tests to diagnose non-candidemic invasive candidiasis</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.1.-Test on sterile fluids and/or tissue specimens</span></p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.2.-Direct microscopy of sterile fluids and/or tissue specimens</span></p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Nowadays, it is very difficult to diagnose non-candidemic invasive candidiasis with certainty,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> since it requires the histological identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> tissue invasion and/or evidence of the yeast presence in sterile fluids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,22</span></a></p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding question 2.1, the large majority (96%) of the experts consulted considered very important to request the test on sterile fluids and/or tissue to accurately diagnose invasive candidiasis. Specifically, based on a scale of 0–10 points, where 10 represents the highest level of importance, 24 experts granted 7 or more points to this diagnostic test. The average score was 9.1 points, with a standard deviation of 1.3 points.</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to question 2.2, 84% of the experts consulted considered the direct microscopy of sterile fluids and/or tissue samples to diagnose invasive candidiasis very relevant. Specifically, based on a 0 to 10 point scale, 21 experts granted 7 or more points to this diagnostic test. The average score was 8.2 points, with a standard deviation of 1.4 points. Both questions achieved a high degree of consensus (>75%).</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.3.-In the case of a patient with suspected peritonitis caused by</span> Candida, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">to what extent do you consider necessary sending perioperative samples to the Microbiology laboratory?</span></p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> In cases of suspected peritonitis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp., the diagnosis should be preferably based on the analysis of perioperative samples of fluid and/or peritoneal tissue,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43,62,69</span></a> a diagnostic test that has demonstrated a high prognostic value.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The complete panel considered necessary sending perioperative samples of fluids and/or peritoneal tissue in cases of suspected peritonitis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> necessary. In fact, the entire panel granted 7 or more points to this statement, for which a high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3.-Do you consider the isolation of</span> Candida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">from respiratory samples a diagnosis of candidiasic pneumonia?</span></p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Sixty percent of the non-neutropenic critically ill patients are colonized with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> when the stay in ICU exceeds 7 days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> However, and despite the remarkable frequency of isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> in the respiratory tract, Meersseman et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> in a study that lasted 2 years, observed the complete absence of cases of candidiasic pneumonia in the autopsies performed on patients with evidences of pneumonia, thus confirming that pneumonia caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> is extremely unusual in patients in ICUs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the experts consulted did not consider the isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> in the respiratory tract samples of critically ill patients sufficient to diagnose candidiasic pneumonia. Specifically, 18 experts did not consider isolation in any case, while 7 confirmed that they could consider this option only in certain specific cases. The highest degree of consensus was reached, 100%.</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4.-In accordance with the epidemiological changes in invasive candidiasis, do you consider that in cases of proven invasive candidiasis, it is important to know the susceptibility pattern to the different antifungal agents?</span></p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> During the last decades, the main epidemiological trend in invasive candidiasis in ICUs and Oncology Units has been the decrease of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>, contrasting with the increase of non-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>–<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species, very especially <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,47,60,66</span></a> In this context, the IDSA guidelines published in 2009 established the recommendation of carrying out susceptibility studies only in cases of treatment failure, as well as testing fluconazole in those with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> isolates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vast majority (96%) of the experts consulted highlighted the relevance of knowing the susceptibility to the different antifungal agents in cases of confirmed invasive candidiasis. Specifically, based on a 0–10 point scale to value its importance, 24 experts granted 7 or more points to the need of establishing the susceptibility to the drug treatment. The average score was 8.8 points, with a standard deviation of 1.2 points. The level of consensus achieved was high, exceeding 75%.</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5.-In your opinion, to what extent do you consider useful the measurement of procalcitonin in serum for the diagnosis of suspected candidemia?</span></p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Procalcitonin measurement in serum seems to be very precise discerning between bacteremia and non-infectious inflammatory conditions in critically ill patients with clinical signs of sepsis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Two studies performed in non-neutropenic and/or surgical patients determined that seric procalcitonin is lower in candidemia than in bacteremia, both presenting high negative predictive values below 2 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,37</span></a></p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the experts consulted highlighted the usefulness of procalcitonin measurement in the diagnosis of suspected candidemia. Specifically, 4 specialists consider it ‘very useful’, while 15 define the procalcitonin measurement as ‘quite useful’. A high degree of consensus was achieved, exceeding 75%.</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6.-At present, to what extent do you consider the use of non-culture based methods of microbiological diagnostic techniques necessary for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The combination of traditional diagnostic methods with non-culture based microbiological tools could be the clue to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of fungemias in critically ill patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,50,51,62</span></a> To date, results published on the detection of (1,3)-β-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan, galactomannan, mannan and anti-mannan, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> germ tube antibodies or nucleic acid are promising and could be very useful to guide early antifungal treatment. In general, it is recommended as screening once or twice a week in critically ill patients with risk factors, especially in surgical patients, after 5–7 days of hospitalization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> However, and still today, non-culture based methods for microbiological diagnosis are not available in the majority of the hospitals in our country.</p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty percent of the experts consulted considered the use of non-culture based methods for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis very necessary. Specifically, based on a scoring scale of importance from 0 to 10 points, 19 experts granted 7 or more points to the need for this microbiological diagnosis. The average score was 8.0 points, with a standard deviation of 1.7 points. A high degree of consensus was reached.</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7.-To what extent would you use the combined detection of mannan antigen and antimannan antibodies for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, if this technique was available in your hospital?</span></p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The detection of mannan antigen and antimannan antibodies against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> antigen in an ELISA format has been useful in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,51</span></a> and has been commercialized for many years. Also, with the objective of avoiding the poor performance of these techniques when used separately, the joint implementation of these tests in all patients with suspected invasive candidiasis is recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of the experts consulted did not share a general opinion regarding the convenience of using combined detection of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Specifically, 5 and 8 specialists, respectively, considered their use in ‘almost all cases’ and ‘in the majority of the cases’. On the contrary, 12 experts considered that their use is only convenient ‘in some cases’. A medium degree of consensus was achieved, 52% (>50% and <75%). Therefore, this question was included in the second phase of the DELPHI study.</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8.-To what extent do you use the (1,3)-β-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan detection as a diagnostic tool for invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The detection of betaglucan, by means of a technique presently available in the market, offers high specificity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,25,42,51</span></a> and positive predictive value (PPV)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,33,45</span></a> in patients with probable or confirmed IFI.</p><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The responses revealed a divergent behavior among the experts consulted with respect to how often (1,3)-β-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan testing should be used in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Specifically, 16 experts, 64% of the sample, considered its use in ‘only some cases’ or ‘in no case’, while 7 and 2 specialists responded that it should be used ‘in the majority of the cases’ or ‘in almost all cases’. A medium degree of consensus of 64% was reached, so the question was selected for the second phase of the DELPHI study.</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9.-To what extent do you use the indirect immunofluorescence method (C. albicans IFA IgG, Vircell) for the detection of anti-mycelial antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, if this technique is available in your hospital?</span></p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Indirect immunofluorescence (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> IFA IgG, Vircell) for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> germ tube antibodies (CAGTA) shows high sensitivity and specificity in cases of candidemia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51,67,68</span></a> which could be crucial in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in surgical ICU patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a></p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of the experts consulted did not share a general pattern of behavior in relation to how often they used CAGTA detection in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Only 13 experts, 52% of the sample, considered its use in ‘only some cases’ or ‘in no case’, while 9 and 3 specialists, respectively, responded that they use it ‘in the majority of the cases’ or ‘almost always’. A medium degree of consensus was reached. The question was selected for the second phase of the DELPHI Study.</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10.-To what extent do you use nucleic acids detection in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, if molecular methods of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques are available in your hospital?</span></p><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> New molecular detection methods of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as evidenced in numerous articles in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,30,38,51,65</span></a> are an interesting alternative for the quick diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.</p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The answers reveal the absence of a general pattern of behavior among the majority of the experts consulted. Only 13 experts, 52% of the sample, consider the detection of nucleic acids in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis necessary in ‘only some cases’ or ‘in no case’, while 7 and 5 specialists, respectively, answered that it should be performed ‘in the majority of the cases’ or ‘in almost all cases’. A medium degree of consensus was achieved, 52%, for which the question was selected to be included in the second phase of the study.</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the questions regarding the non-culture based method of microbiological techniques, questions 7–10, did not achieve the minimum consensus in the DELPHI technique, the 22 experts participating in the second phase of the study were consulted on the mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibody techniques, (1,3)-β-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan detection, anti-mycelial antibody detection, and nucleic acids detection. They answered about which of these tests they would recommend for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The responses identified (1,3)-β-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan detection, chosen by 10 experts, and the detection of nucleic acids, chosen by 8 experts, as the techniques most widely recommended by the specialists consulted.</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11.-Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: (1) The combination of several non-culture based microbiological methods can provide a better diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and, (2) The combination of scores of clinical prediction, together with the use of nonculture based methods of microbiological techniques, can be adequate strategies to initiate early invasive candidiasis treatment.</span></p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The use of the different non-culture based methods, such as the mannan antigen/antimannan antibodies, beta-glucan detection and, very especially, the detection of nucleic acids by PCR, may significantly assist in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Also, the combination of the tests with traditional diagnostic methods could be the clue to improve both the diagnosis, as well as the prognosis of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety-six percent of the experts consulted indicated that combining various techniques can provide a better diagnosis in invasive candidiasis. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points, where 5 represents the highest score, 24 experts granted 4 or 5 points to the statement. The average score was 4.8 points. A high degree of consensus was achieved, exceeding 75%.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The combination of scores and non-culture based methods of microbiological techniques was considered an adequate strategy, achieving full consensus. Based again on a scale of 1–5 points, the 25 experts consulted granted 4 or 5 points to the statement, establishing an average of 4.8 points.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Treatment section</span></p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.-Do you consider the use of echinocandins as a first-line choice of treatment for invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The recommendations established in the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the different national and supranational societies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,15,47</span></a> have caused some controversy on the treatment of invasive candidiasis. In this context, a work carried out by Andes et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> demonstrated that the treatment with echinocandins is associated to a significant decrease of the mortality rate due to invasive candidiasis.</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the experts consulted, 19 out of the 25 specialists, consider that echinocandins should be the first-choice antifungal therapy for invasive candidiasis in all cases, regardless of whether the patient had a history of recent azole exposure. A high degree of consensus was reached (>75%).</p><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specialists who agreed that echinocandins should be the first-line antifungal therapy only in patients, who have received prior azole therapy, were consulted in the second phase of the study and explained the reasons that justify their answer. We display below two of the reasons offered by the specialists: (1) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">It depends on the epidemiology of the center and the characteristics of the patient. If the patient is stable and has not received previous azole therapy in a hospital with prevalence of</span> C. albicans <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strains, I find no reason to administer echinocandins</span>’. And (2) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">It is evident that the affirmative response to the statement, ‘do you consider necessary prior azole therapy’ is not correct. I believe that there are certain specific situations in which fluconazole could be indicated in patients with documented candidemia with sensitivity to this antifungal agent (in 70–80% of the occasions) and with clinical stability (…)’.</span></p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.-To what extent do you agree with the administration of echinocandins at higher doses than the standard recommended for the treatment of endocarditis caused by</span> Candida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">or other types of invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and confirmed the safety of the echinocandin therapy at higher doses than the standard-dose therapy in the management of invasive candidiasis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,48</span></a> Thus, IDSA guidelines published in 2009 established the possibility of administering higher doses of echinocandins for the treatment of endocarditis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The responses reveal the divergent opinions encountered among the experts consulted with respect to administering higher doses of echinocandins in the treatment of endocarditis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>. Specifically, based on a scale from 1 to 5 points, where 5 represents the highest level of agreement, only 13 specialists (52%) claimed to be ‘somewhat in agreement’ or ‘totally in agreement’, granting 4 or 5 points to the administration of higher doses. The average was 3.4 points and a medium degree of consensus was reached (>50% and <75%).</p><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question did not achieve the minimum consensus contemplated in the DELPHI technique, for which it was selected to be included in the second phase of the study, where the experts who favored the administration of higher doses of echinocandins in the treatment of endocarditis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> or other types of invasive candidiasis, were asked to indicate their motives. We display two of the reasons the specialists mentioned: (1) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">It is considered in clinical trials and experts’ opinions. Also, it is mentioned in the IDSA guidelines published in 2009 regarding the treatment of endocarditis</span>.’ And (2) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Due to the seriousness of invasive candidiasis or endocarditis, optimization of the treatment, according to the Pk/Pd target based on the AUC/MIC ratio, is a priority in reaching levels of the focus. Also, these drugs have linear pharmacokinetics and few adverse effects’.</span></p><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3.-In the case of a critically ill patient on an echinocandin therapy, with</span> C. parapsilosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">isolates detected in blood cultures, please indicate your level of agreement with each of the following two statements: (1) echinocandin therapy should be substituted by fluconazole, regardless of the patient's clinical evolution, and (2) fluconazole should be administered together with an echinocandin, until clinical improvement is observed.</span></p><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The recommendations established in the Clinical Practice Guidelines of different national societies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,47</span></a> have raised some controversy regarding the treatment of choice for invasive candidiasis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span>. In this context, while Pfaller et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> concluded that fluconazole was superior to candins in the treatment of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> due to the mutations of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fks</span> genes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>, the Kale-Pradhan et al. study demonstrated the non-inferiority of the efficacy of echinocandins against other antifungal agents in the treatment of invasive candidiasis caused by C. parapsilosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixty percent of the experts consulted disagreed with the convenience of changing the treatment. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points, where 5 is the highest score, 15 experts granted 1 or 2 points to this statement. The average score was 2.6 points. A medium degree of consensus was achieved. The question was selected to be included in the second phase of the DELPHI study, in which the degree of divergence was similar.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixty-four percent of the experts consulted disagreed with the convenience of combining fluconazole and an echinocandin. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points to evaluate the level of disagreement, 16 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. The average score was established at 2.3 points. A medium degree of consensus was reached.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4.-In case you consider that patients with candidemia should receive an ophthalmological evaluation, when would you carry it out?</span></p><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Few studies in the literature address eye disorders during candidemia. In this context, while chorioretinitis is the most common disorder described (9–16%), a much lower percentage of cases of endophthalmitis have been reported (1.6%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,46</span></a> However, and contrary to that established in the recommendations of the Clinical Practice Guidelines,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,47</span></a> the need for an ophthalmological evaluation in all patients with candidemia is considered in few situations.</p><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The large majority of the experts consulted (96%) considered an ophthalmological evaluation necessary in patients with candidemia, either during the first week or between the first and second weeks. Only one specialist indicated that the ophthalmological evaluation should not be carried out on a conscious patient without clinical signs. Therefore, a high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5.-In the case of a patient with candidemia on an echinocandin therapy with ocular involvement, should the treatment be switched to another antifungal agent?</span></p><p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The eye is a protected compartment, for which the degree of penetration of systemic antifungal agents varies significantly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> According to evidence reported by Ridell et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> neither echinocandins nor posaconazole achieve adequate therapeutic concentrations in the vitreous. In contrast, voriconazole has been defined as the most effective antifungal agent in the treatment of ocular manifestations.</p><p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two percent of the experts consulted considered that, in patients with candidemia and ocular involvement treated with echinocandins, treatment should switch to another antifungal agent ‘in all cases’ or ‘in the majority of the cases’. On the contrary, 3 specialists considered that the change of treatment should only be made ‘in some cases’, 3 that the change ‘does not necessarily need to be made’, and 1 that the change ‘depends on the clinical evolution’. A high degree of consensus was reached.</p><p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6.-In your opinion, should the central venous catheter be removed in all critically ill patients with candidemia?</span></p><p id="par0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: The convenience of withdrawing or maintaining the central venous catheter (CVC) in patients with candidemia has raised controversy in different publications. Specifically, and while studies have not demonstrated the benefit associated with the withdrawal of the CVC,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> several articles confirm that its removal has reported a statistically significant improvement in the survival of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,40,60</span></a></p><p id="par0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Absolute consensus among the experts consulted on the need to withdraw the central venous catheter in all cases of candidemia was achieved (100%).</p><p id="par0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7.-In your opinion, to what extent does the risk of hepatotoxicity affect the election of a specific echinocandin?</span></p><p id="par0570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The degree of hepatic dysfunction (child) can condition the election and dosage of each of the echinocandins, due to their distinct metabolism and pathway of elimination. The Wang et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> study showed that 9.3% of the patients treated with echinocandins presented high liver enzyme levels, although there was no need to interrupt the treatment.</p><p id="par0575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-six percent of the experts consulted considered that the risk of hepatotoxicity has ‘considerable influence’ or ‘much influence’ on the election of the type of echinocandin administered. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points, where 5 is the maximum level of influence, 15 experts granted 4 or 5 points. The average score was established at 2.6 points. A medium degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8.-Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: ‘Empirical therapy of fluconazole in critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis should not be used. It should only be administered in cases where the species and susceptibility of</span> Candida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">have been established in hemodynamically stable patients’</span></p><p id="par0585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The indication for fluconazole treatment in critically ill patients has changed in the last few years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,15</span></a> Both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> are potentially fluconazole-resistant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixty percent of the specialists consulted agree with the statement. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points to evaluate the level of agreement, 15 experts granted 4 or 5 points to this statement. The average was 3.6 points and a medium degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9.-Do you consider that all patients with candidemia should be screened for endocarditis by a transesophageal echocardiography?</span></p><p id="par0600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The possibility of candidemia causing an infective endocarditis is a critical component in its clinical management, requiring a longer treatment, and valve surgery should be seriously considered in the majority of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two percent of the experts consulted considered that the transesophageal echocardiography for screening endocarditis in patients with candidemia should only be performed in exceptional cases. In contrast, 3 and 4 specialists hold that it should be carried out ‘in all cases’ and ‘in the majority of the cases’, respectively. A medium level of consensus was reached.</p><p id="par0610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10.-Can the type of antifungal agent administered in the treatment of invasive candidiasis reduce the mortality rate associated to invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: Numerous publications have demonstrated that the election of the antifungal agent plays an essential role in the survival of critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis. Echinocandin therapy is associated with significantly reduced mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> On the other hand, prior therapy with azoles is considered a mortality risk factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,60</span></a></p><p id="par0620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An ample majority of the experts consulted (92%) considered that the type of antifungal agent used in the treatment of invasive candidiasis can reduce the mortality associated with invasive candidiasis. Therefore, based on a scale of 1–5 points, where 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 23 experts granted 4 or 5 points to this statement.</p><p id="par0625" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11.-Can early invasive candidiasis treatments reduce mortality rates associated with invasive candidiasis?</span></p><p id="par0630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: Delayed invasive candidiasis treatment in critically ill patients is associated to increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,61</span></a> In this context, however, the Marriott et al. study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> did not observe any relationship between the rate of mortality and the start date of the treatment.</p><p id="par0635" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the experts consulted (100%) considered that early invasive candidiasis treatment can reduce mortality associated with invasive candidiasis. A high degree of consensus was reached.</p><p id="par0640" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Therapeutic de-escalation section</span></p><p id="par0645" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: Susceptibility patterns to antifungal agents vary depending on the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> are usually susceptible to fluconazole, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> is generally susceptible dose-dependent or resistant, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> is intrinsically resistant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> Fluconazole achieved better results than candins in the treatment of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. parapsilosis</span> due to mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fks</span> genes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a></p><p id="par0650" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients, fluconazole is recommended in stable patients with no history of azole exposure. In hemodynamically unstable patients (APACHE II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15) or patients with criteria of severe sepsis or having received previous azole therapy or suspected azole-resistant candidemia, empirical echinocandin therapy is recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,47</span></a></p><p id="par0655" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Determining the susceptibility to antifungal agents could be useful for optimizing antifungal treatment, including de-escalation to fluconazole.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,58</span></a> However, susceptibility <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> tests are not carried out in all centers for several reasons, such as the delay in receiving the results and their cost. The identification of the species, as well as the determination of the susceptibility to antifungal agents, requires 5 days on average. On the other hand, determining the susceptibility to antifungal agents has proven to be cost-effective in the context of candidemia and could help to identify patients with drug-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species receiving inappropriate treatment and patients who would be candidates for de-escalation to fluconazole.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a></p><p id="par0660" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on experts’ opinions, IDSA Guidelines suggest that susceptibility testing of fluconazole should routinely be performed against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> and other <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species that do not respond to empirical antifungal therapy or if resistance to azole antifungals is highly suspected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0665" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The de-escalation of antifungal therapy is not usually well protocolized; it is not done on a regular basis and there is a lack of supportive scientific evidence, especially in critically ill patients. To optimize the appropriate use of antimicrobials to achieve the maximum effectiveness, reduce the adverse effects and administer a cost-effective treatment, we must ensure the correct initial antifungal therapy, but also de-escalate when possible in terms of antimycotic efficacy and reduced costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,58</span></a></p><p id="par0670" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antifungal de-escalation should be guided by microbiological results, antifungal susceptibility, the concomitant medication the patient is taking and clinical evolution. This information is usually not available until after 5 days, so the decision to de-escalate is often taken late.</p><p id="par0675" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.-In proven invasive candidiasis caused by</span> C. albicans <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in patients on empirical echinocandin therapy, should treatment always be de-escalated to fluconazole, regardless of the clinical condition?</span></p><p id="par0680" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> Antifungal therapy should be based on the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species and clinical condition of the patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> Therefore, empirical echinocandin therapy is recommended in hemodynamically unstable patients (APACHE II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15) or patients with criteria of severe sepsis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,47</span></a> Also, the Andes et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> study demonstrated that echinocandin therapy was associated to significantly decreased mortality due to invasive candidiasis.</p><p id="par0685" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the experts consulted did not agree that it is always convenient to de-escalate to fluconazole, regardless of the patient's clinical condition, in proven invasive candidiasis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> in patients on empirical echinocandin therapy. Specifically, based on a scale of 1–5 points, where 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 19 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. The average score was established at 2.0 points. A high degree of consensus was achieved (>75%).</p><p id="par0690" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2.-Can treatment be de-escalated, regardless the isolate is susceptible to fluconazole or not, in proven invasive candidiasis due to</span> C. albicans <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in patients on empirical echinocandin therapy?</span></p><p id="par0695" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The susceptibility of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> to fluconazole is very high. In the study of Zulaga et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>, 95.2% of the isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> were susceptible to fluconazole, and no resistant isolates were identified.</p><p id="par0700" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty percent of the experts consulted considered that in proven invasive candidiasis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> in patients receiving empirical echinocandin therapy de-escalation should not be considered without determining the susceptibility to fluconazole. Specifically, based on a 1–5 point scale to evaluate the level of agreement, 20 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. The average score was 2.0 points, and a high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0705" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3.-In proven invasive candidiasis caused by</span> C. glabrata <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in patients receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, always de-escalate to fluconazole, regardless of the patient's clinical condition.</span></p><p id="par0710" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale:</span> The use of fluconazole is recommended in the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic stable patients, without prior azole therapy. The use of empirical echinocandin therapy is recommended in hemodynamically unstable patients (APACHE II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15) or those with criteria of severe sepsis, prior azole therapy or suspected invasive candidiasis due to azole-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,47</span></a></p><p id="par0715" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vast majority of the experts consulted (96%) considered that the clinical condition of the patient must be considered before de-escalating to fluconazole in proven invasive candidiasis caused by Candida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">glabrata</span> in patients receiving empirical echinocandin therapy. Thus, based on a 1–5 point scale, where 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 24 experts granted 1 or 2 points to this statement. A high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0720" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4.-In proven invasive candidiasis caused by</span> C. glabrata <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in patients receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, de-escalation can be performed regardless of determining the susceptibility to fluconazole.</span></p><p id="par0725" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale</span>: The 2009 IDSA guidelines recommend performing antifungal susceptibility tests only in cases of therapeutic failure, although they also recommend these tests for fluconazole susceptibility in those <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> isolates recovered from the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> As reported in the study of Garnacho-Montero et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> is potentially fluconazole-resistant. On the other hand, the study of Collins et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> concluded that performing fluconazole susceptibility tests in those <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> isolates from patients with proven invasive candidiasis provided improved outcomes, not only in economic, but clinical terms.</p><p id="par0730" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety-six percent of the experts consulted considered that in proven invasive candidiasis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> in patients receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, de-escalation should not be performed without previously determining the fluconazole-susceptibility. Specifically, based on a 1–5 point scale to evaluate the level of agreement, 24 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. The average score was 1.2 points. Once again, a high degree of consensus was achieved.</p><p id="par0735" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5.-Patients with infection caused by</span> C. krusei <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">with favorable evolution and receiving empirical echinocandin therapy should be de-escalated to voriconazole.</span></p><p id="par0740" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rationale: C. krusei</span> is intrinsically fluconazole-resistant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> On its part, voriconazole presents a superior activity than fluconazole against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0745" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the specialists consulted considered that in patients with an infection caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span>, with favorable evolution and on empirical echinocandin therapy, de-escalation to voriconazole is not adequate. Specifically, based on a 1–5 point scale, where 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 19 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. The average score was 1.8 points and a high degree of consensus was reached.</p><p id="par0750" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question was selected for the second phase of the DELPHI Study to learn about the reasons why some experts considered de-escalation to voriconazole adequate under the already mentioned circumstances. We display below two of the reasons offered by the specialists: (1) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">If the clinical evolution is good</span>, C. krusei <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">also displays high susceptibility to voriconazole and very low MICs, for which it would be a very good option</span>’. And (2) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">This is a fully valid alternative, accepted in different guidelines. If there are not contraindications for the use of voriconazole (and as long as we have plasma level determinations), de-escalating or switching to oral therapy is always an alternative.</span></p><p id="par0755" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6.-In patients receiving antifungal therapy for suspected but unproven invasive candidiasis, after 5 days of good clinical evolution, what action would you take?</span></p><p id="par0760" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The responses showed enormous disparity between the opinions of the experts consulted in relation to the measures to be taken in this situation. Thus, 7 specialists (28%) would opt for suspending the antifungal therapy; 6 experts (24%) would continue with the same treatment during 14 days; 6 specialists would de-escalate to an azole; and 2 experts (8%) did not know what measure to take. In conclusion, a low degree of consensus was achieved (<50%).</p><p id="par0765" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7.-In patients receiving antifungal therapy for suspected but unproven invasive candidiasis, after 10 days without good clinical improvement, what action would you take?</span></p><p id="par0770" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-six percent of the experts consulted think that in patients with antifungal therapy due to suspected but unproven invasive candidiasis, in whom clinical improvement is not observed after 10 days, the antifungal therapy should be stopped and the patient should be checked again. Also, 3 specialists assured they would only modify the treatment, while 2 would continue treatment for 14 days and 1 would add another antifungal agent. The degree of consensus achieved was high.</p><p id="par0775" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8.-In patients with candidemia caused by a fluconazole-susceptible</span> Candida <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">species, initially treated with an echinocandin and being the patient stable, when do you believe the treatment should be changed to fluconazole oral therapy?</span></p><p id="par0780" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The large majority of the experts consulted (84%) believe that in patients with candidemia caused by a fluconazole-susceptible species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>, who have initially received echinocandin therapy and that are stable, fluconazole oral therapy should be given within a maximum period of two or three days after stabilization. A high degree of consensus was established.</p><p id="par0785" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the question achieved sufficient consensus in accordance with the DELPHI methodology, the 4 experts that considered necessary a period longer than 2–3 days after stabilization, were asked in the second phase of the current study to indicate the motives that justify their response. We display below two of the reasons provided by the specialists: (1) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First of all, in the context of a critically ill patient, oral therapy can only be administered on few occasions, despite its excellent absorption by the digestive tract. In second place, and although there are no supportive studies, I believe that 2 or 3 days is a very short period. The guidelines recommend 7 to 10 days. Personally, I do it after 5–7 days, as long as the evolution is favorable, the CVC has been removed in case of being the origin of the infection and it is fluconazole</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">susceptible</span>’. And (2) ‘<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The basic issue of this question is the underlying belief that the patient can have an infection due to fluconazole-resistant species. The microbiological susceptibility testing in vitro is not exactly equivalent to that in vivo. Therefore, I do not believe that linking the stability of the patient and the antifungal susceptibility to the same result is reasonable</span>’.</p><p id="par0790" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9.-In general, critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis should not be de-escalated.</span></p><p id="par0795" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seventy-two percent of the experts consulted considered adequate to de-escalate in invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. Specifically, based on a 1–5 point scale, where 5 represents the maximum level of agreement, 18 experts granted 1 or 2 points to the statement. A medium degree of consensus was reached, below 76%.</p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">First phase recommendations</span><p id="par0800" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After having the results of the DELPHI methodology applied to non-neutropenic critically ill patients with suspected or proven invasive candidiasis, the following 20 recommendations were developed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) based on the questions that achieved a high level of agreement, subsequently validated in the meeting in person with the hospital panel experts.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Second phase: in person meeting of hospital experts</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Final recommendations</span><p id="par0805" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the same methodology, 80 experts met in person to vote the recommendations described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Only those that achieved a consensus over 75% were chosen. Please, find the final recommendations in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0810" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The management of patients with suspected or proven invasive candidiasis requires a great deal of knowledge. The recommendations developed, based on the DELPHI methodology, summarize this knowledge for educational purposes and can assist in the early identification of potential patients, standardize its management and improve prognostic performance.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0815" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This consensus has been sponsored by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">MSD Laboratories, Spain</span>.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres272556" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Background" 2 => "Aims" 3 => "Methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec254626" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres272557" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Antecedentes" 2 => "Objetivos" 3 => "Métodos" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec254627" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "First phase – DELPHI experts" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Epidemiological section" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "2.-Indicate to what extent you request each of the following two diagnostic tests to diagnose non-candidemic invasive candidiasis" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "First phase recommendations" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Second phase: in person meeting of hospital experts" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Final recommendations" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack62333" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-05-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-05-14" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec254626" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Invasive candidiasis" 1 => "DELPHI technique" 2 => "Non-neutropenic critically ill patients" 3 => "Educational project" 4 => "Recommendations" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec254627" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Candidiasis invasiva" 1 => "Metodología DELPHI" 2 => "Pacientes no neutropénicos en estado crítico" 3 => "Proyecto educativo" 4 => "Recomendaciones" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although there has been an improved management of invasive candidiasis in the last decade, controversial issues still remain, especially in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We sought to identify the core clinical knowledge and to achieve high level agreement recommendations required to care for critically ill adult patients with invasive candidiasis.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective Spanish survey reaching consensus by the DELPHI technique was made. It was anonymously conducted by electronic mail in a first term to 25 national multidisciplinary experts in invasive fungal infections from five national scientific societies, including intensivists, anesthesiologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists and infectious diseases specialists, who answered to 47 questions prepared by a coordination group after a strict review of the literature in the last five years. The educational objectives spanned five categories, including epidemiology, diagnostic tools, prediction rules, and treatment and de-escalation approaches. The level of agreement achieved among the panel experts in each item should exceed 75% to be selected. In a second term, after extracting recommendations from the selected items, a face to face meeting was performed where more than 80 specialists in a second round were invited to validate the preselected recommendations.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the first term, 20 recommendations were preselected (Epidemiology 4, Scores 3, Diagnostic tools 4, Treatment 6 and De-escalation approaches 3). After the second round, the following 12 were validated: (1) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiology</span> (2 recommendations): think about candidiasis in your Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and do not forget that non-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>–<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species also exist. (2) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic tools</span> (4 recommendations): blood cultures should be performed under suspicion every 2–3 days and, if positive, every 3 days until obtaining the first negative result. Obtain sterile fluid and tissue, if possible (direct examination of the sample is important). Use non-culture based methods as microbiological tools, whenever possible. Determination of antifungal susceptibility is mandatory. (3) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scores</span> (1 recommendation): as screening tool, use the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> Score and determine multicolonization in high risk patients. (4) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment</span> (4 recommendations): start early. Choose echinocandins. Withdraw any central venous catheter. Fundoscopy is needed. (5) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">De-escalation</span> (1 recommendation): only applied when knowing susceptibility determinations and after 3 days of clinical stability. The higher rate of agreement was achieved in the optimization of microbiological tools and the withdrawal of the catheter, whereas the lower rate corresponded to de-escalation therapy and the use of scores.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The management of invasive candidiasis in ICU patients requires the application of a broad range of knowledge and skills that we summarize in our recommendations. These recommendations may help to identify the potential patients, standardize their global management and improve their outcomes, based on the DELPHI methodology.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque en la última década ha mejorado el manejo de la candidiasis invasiva, todavía persisten aspectos controvertidos, en especial por lo que respecta a la estrategia diagnóstica y terapéutica.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar los conocimientos clínicos esenciales y formular unas recomendaciones con la obtención de un alto grado de consenso, necesarias en la asistencia de pacientes adultos no neutropénicos en estado crítico con candidiasis invasiva.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se preparó una encuesta prospectiva cuyo texto se redactó en español, y se obtuvo un consenso mediante técnica DELPHI (un método de reestructuración de un proceso de comunicación con el que se obtiene un grado de consenso de los especialistas sobre el problema planteado). En primer término, se envió de forma anónima por correo electrónico a 25 especialistas nacionales de diferentes disciplinas médicas, expertos en infecciones fúngicas invasivas, de 5 sociedades científicas nacionales, incluidos intensivistas, anestesistas, microbiólogos, farmacólogos e infectólogos, que respondieron a 47 preguntas preparadas por el grupo de coordinación, tras una revisión exhaustiva de los estudios publicados durante los 5 últimos años. Los objetivos educativos contemplaron 5 categorías: epidemiología, instrumentos diagnósticos, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span>, estrategias terapéuticas y de desescalada. Para ser seleccionado, el grado de acuerdo alcanzado entre los expertos del panel en cada uno de los ítems debía superar el 75%. En segundo término, después de extraer las recomendaciones de los ítems seleccionados, se celebró una reunión presencial donde se invitó a participar en una segunda ronda a más de 80 especialistas y se les solicitó la validación de las recomendaciones preseleccionadas.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En primer término, se realizó una preselección de 20 recomendaciones (epidemiología 4, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span> 3, diagnóstico de laboratorio 4, tratamiento 6 y desescalada 3). Después de la segunda ronda, se validaron las 12 recomendaciones siguientes: 1) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiología</span> (2 recomendaciones): en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos considere la candidiasis y no olvide la existencia de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> diferentes de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>. 2) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Técnicas diagnósticas</span> (4 recomendaciones): ante la más mínima sospecha, es preciso practicar hemocultivos cada 2–3 días y, en caso de obtener un cultivo positivo, cada 3 días, hasta obtener el primer resultado negativo. Si es posible, se obtendrán muestras de fluidos y tejidos estériles (es importante el examen microscópico directo de las muestras). Siempre que sea posible, como instrumentos microbiológicos, deben emplearse métodos diferentes del cultivo. La determinación de la sensibilidad antifúngica es obligatoria. 3) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scores</span> (una recomendación): como instrumento de cribado, se recomienda utilizar el Candida score y determinar la multicolonización en pacientes en alto riesgo. 4) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tratamiento</span> (4 recomendaciones): debe instaurarse el tratamiento de forma precoz. Las equinocandinas son el tratamiento de elección. Es recomendable retirar cualquier vía venosa central insertada. Debe realizarse un estudio del fondo de ojo. 5) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Desescalada</span> (una recomendación): solo aplicable cuando se confirme la sensibilidad a fluconazol y después del transcurso de 3 días de estabilidad clínica. El mayor acuerdo se alcanzó en la optimización de los instrumentos microbiológicos y en la retirada del catéter, mientras que el menor correspondió al de desescalada y a los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scores</span>.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, el manejo de la candidiasis invasiva requiere la aplicación de la amplia serie de conocimientos y habilidades resumidas en nuestras recomendaciones. Estas pueden ayudar a identificar a los pacientes potenciales, estandarizar su manejo global y mejorar su desenlace, en función de la metodología DELPHI.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">De acuerdo con los autores y los editores, este artículo se publica simultáneamente y de forma íntegra en Revista Iberoamericana de Micología <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="doi:10.1016/j.riam.2013.05.006">doi:10.1016/j.riam.2013.05.006</span></p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">All members are listed in Appendix 1.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0830" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">LIST OF COORDINATORS, PARTICIPANTS AND PRACTICING PHYSICIANS COORDINATORS</span></p> <p id="par0835" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">COORDINATORS</span></p> <p id="par0840" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael Zaragoza Crespo</span></p> <p id="par0845" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Valencia</p> <p id="par0850" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pedro Llinares Mondéjar</span></p> <p id="par0855" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña</p> <p id="par0860" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Emilio Maseda Garrido</span></p> <p id="par0865" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid.</p> <p id="par0870" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ricard Ferrer Roca</span></p> <p id="par0875" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrasa. Terrasa.</p> <p id="par0880" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Alejandro H. Rodríguez Oviedo</span></p> <p id="par0885" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Juan XXIII. Tarragona</p> <p id="par0890" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">EXPERTS</span></p> <p id="par0895" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Benito Almirante Gragera</span></p> <p id="par0900" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona</p> <p id="par0905" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael González de Castro</span></p> <p id="par0910" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario de León. León.</p> <p id="par0915" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel Salavert Lletí</span></p> <p id="par0920" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe. Valencia</p> <p id="par0925" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José María Aguado García</span></p> <p id="par0930" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre: Madrid</p> <p id="par0935" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Izascun Azcárate Egaña</span></p> <p id="par0940" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Donostia</p> <p id="par0945" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jesús Rico Feijoo</span></p> <p id="par0950" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega. Valladolid</p> <p id="par0955" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cristóbal León Gil</span></p> <p id="par0960" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Valme. Sevilla.</p> <p id="par0965" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gerardo Aguilar Aguilar</span></p> <p id="par0970" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia</p> <p id="par0975" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Ignacio Gómez Herreras</span></p> <p id="par0980" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid</p> <p id="par0985" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Carlos del Pozo Laderas</span></p> <p id="par0990" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia. Córdoba</p> <p id="par0995" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Garnacho Montero</span></p> <p id="par1000" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Virgen del Rocio. Sevilla</p> <p id="par1005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Beatriz Galván Guijo</span></p> <p id="par1010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid</p> <p id="par1015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Javier Pemán García</span></p> <p id="par1020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia</p> <p id="par1025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Guillermo Quindós Andrés</span></p> <p id="par1030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco</p> <p id="par1035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Manuel Cuenca Estrella</span></p> <p id="par1040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbiología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid.</p> <p id="par1045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Maria Luisa Pérez del Molino Bernal</span></p> <p id="par1050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbiología y Parasatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela</p> <p id="par1055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patricia Muñoz García</span></p> <p id="par1060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid</p> <p id="par1065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Álvarez Lerma</span></p> <p id="par1070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital del Mar. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Carmen Fariñas Álvarez</span></p> <p id="par1080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander</p> <p id="par1085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jesús Fortun Abete</span></p> <p id="par1090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid.</p> <p id="par1095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael León López</span></p> <p id="par1100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba</p> <p id="par1105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">César Aragón González</span></p> <p id="par1110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Carlos Haya. Málaga</p> <p id="par1115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Carlos Valía Vera</span></p> <p id="par1120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia y Reanimación, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia</p> <p id="par1125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Marcio Borges Sa</span></p> <p id="par1130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Son Llatzer. Palma de Mallorca</p> <p id="par1135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mercedes Bouzada</span></p> <p id="par1140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Anestesiología de Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela</p> <p id="par1145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">PRACTICING PHYSICIANS</span></p> <p id="par1150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luis Suárez Gonzalo</span></p> <p id="par1155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Reanimación y Cirugía Cardiotorácica, Hospital La Paz. Madrid</p> <p id="par1160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cruz Soriano Cuesta</span></p> <p id="par1165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital La Paz. Madrid</p> <p id="par1170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Esther López Ramos</span></p> <p id="par1175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias. Alcalá de HENARES.</p> <p id="par1180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fernando Arméstar Rodríguez</span></p> <p id="par1185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona</p> <p id="par1190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Eva Benveniste</span></p> <p id="par1195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol de Badalona</p> <p id="par1200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Javier González de Molina Ortiz</span></p> <p id="par1205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Mutua Terrasa</p> <p id="par1210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jordi Vallés</span></p> <p id="par1215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Sabadell</p> <p id="par1220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Susana Sancho Chinesta</span></p> <p id="par1225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Valencia</p> <p id="par1230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Roberto Reig Valero</span></p> <p id="par1235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital General de Castelló</p> <p id="par1240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco López Medrano</span></p> <p id="par1245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid</p> <p id="par1250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel Angel Alcalá Llorente</span></p> <p id="par1255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Díaz. Madrid</p> <p id="par1260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María José Pérez-Pedrero Sánchez-Belmonte</span></p> <p id="par1265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Virgen de la Salud. Toledo</p> <p id="par1270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mercedes Catalán González</span></p> <p id="par1275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid.</p> <p id="par1280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Paula Vera Artazcoz</span></p> <p id="par1285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Sant Pau. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Montserrat Vallverdu Vidal</span></p> <p id="par1295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Villanova Lleida</p> <p id="par1300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Alejandra García</span></p> <p id="par1305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Manuel Jesús Rodriguez</span></p> <p id="par1315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Juan Ramón Jimenez. Huelva</p> <p id="par1320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Angel Caballero Sáez</span></p> <p id="par1325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital San Pedro Alcántara</p> <p id="par1330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Emilio Díaz Santos</span></p> <p id="par1335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Sant Joan Despi Moises Broggi. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Teresa Tabuyo Bello</span></p> <p id="par1345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña</p> <p id="par1350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Ramón Fernández Villanueva</span></p> <p id="par1355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Clínico Univertisario de Santiago de Compostela</p> <p id="par1360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Teresa Rey Rilo</span></p> <p id="par1365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Díaz-Capio. Madrid</p> <p id="par1370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Vicente Torres Pedrós</span></p> <p id="par1375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases. Palma de Mallorca</p> <p id="par1380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Aranda Pérez</span></p> <p id="par1385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Son Llatzer. Palma de Mallorca</p> <p id="par1390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ángel Arenzana</span></p> <p id="par1395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Virgen Macarena. Sevilla</p> <p id="par1400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael García Hernández</span></p> <p id="par1405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario. Puerta del Mar. Cádiz</p> <p id="par1410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antonio Ayelo Navarro</span></p> <p id="par1415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología, Hospital General Almansa</p> <p id="par1420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Luis Antón Pascual</span></p> <p id="par1425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital San Juan de Alicante</p> <p id="par1430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Carlos Castillo</span></p> <p id="par1435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital de Txagorritxu. Vitoria</p> <p id="par1440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nuria Gonzalez</span></p> <p id="par1445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de reanimación, Hospital Donostia</p> <p id="par1450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Esteve Urbano</span></p> <p id="par1455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Álvarez Lerma</span></p> <p id="par1465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital del Mar. Barcelona</p> <p id="par1470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gonzalo Tamayo Medel</span></p> <p id="par1475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de reanimación, Hospital Universitario Cruces. Bilbao</p> <p id="par1480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Unai Bengoetxea</span></p> <p id="par1485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de reanimación, Hospital de Basurto</p> <p id="par1490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Carlos Pardo Talavera</span></p> <p id="par1495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidado Intensivos, Hospital Morales Meseguer. Murcia</p> <p id="par1500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Roberto Jiménez Sánchez</span></p> <p id="par1505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucia. Cartagena</p> <p id="par1510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Guillermo Quindós Andrés</span></p> <p id="par1515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Fac. Medicina y Odontología U. Pais Vasco</p> <p id="par1520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Violeta Fernández García</span></p> <p id="par1525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario central de Asturias. Oviedo</p> <p id="par1530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pedro Picatto Hernández</span></p> <p id="par1535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario central de Asturias. Oviedo</p> <p id="par1540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Armando Blanco Vicente</span></p> <p id="par1545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario central de Asturias. Oviedo</p> <p id="par1550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Castaño Pérez</span></p> <p id="par1555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves. Granada</p> <p id="par1560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Victoria de la Torre Prados</span></p> <p id="par1565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria. Málaga</p> <p id="par1570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Manuel Soto</span></p> <p id="par1575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Cecilio. Granada</p> <p id="par1580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">César Aragón González</span></p> <p id="par1585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital regional Sas Carlos Haya. Málaga</p> <p id="par1590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ana Loza Vázquez</span></p> <p id="par1595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Valme. Sevilla</p> <p id="par1600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fernando Maroto Monserrat</span></p> <p id="par1605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital San Juan de Dios. Sevilla</p> <p id="par1610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Garnacho Montero</span></p> <p id="par1615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Virgen del Rocio. Sevilla</p> <p id="par1620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estrella Terradillos Martín</span></p> <p id="par1625" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Montecelo- Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra</p> <p id="par1630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Peral Gutiérrez de Ceballos</span></p> <p id="par1635" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, UCI, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid</p> <p id="par1640" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luis Quecedo Gutiérrez</span></p> <p id="par1645" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia, Hospital de la Princesa. Madrid</p> <p id="par1650" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Alejandro Doblas</span></p> <p id="par1655" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez. Huelva</p> <p id="par1660" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Javier García Cortés</span></p> <p id="par1665" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</p> <p id="par1670" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Catalina Sánchez Ramírez</span></p> <p id="par1675" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín. Las Palamas de Gran Canaria</p> <p id="par1680" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Marta Gurpegui Puente</span></p> <p id="par1685" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, UCI Polivalente, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet. Zaragoza</p> <p id="par1690" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pilar Luque</span></p> <p id="par1695" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Especialista en Medicina Intensiva. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Clínico Universitario «Lozano Blesa» de Zaragoza</p> <p id="par1700" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Reyes Iranzo Valero</span></p> <p id="par1705" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro. Madrid</p> <p id="par1710" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Isidro Prieto del Portillo</span></p> <p id="par1715" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UVI Médica, Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid</p> <p id="par1720" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luis Gajate Martín</span></p> <p id="par1725" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid</p> <p id="par1730" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Manuel Cervera</span></p> <p id="par1735" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova. Valencia</p> <p id="par1740" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Ángeles Ballesteros Sanz</span></p> <p id="par1745" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Santander</p> <p id="par1750" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María del Valle Ortiz</span></p> <p id="par1755" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario de Burgos</p> <p id="par1760" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Eduardo Tamayo Gómez</span></p> <p id="par1765" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico de Valladolid</p> <p id="par1770" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Felipe Bobillo de Lamo</span></p> <p id="par1775" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Clínico de Valladolid</p> <p id="par1780" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">César Aldecoa</span></p> <p id="par1785" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital del Río Ortega. Valladolid</p> <p id="par1790" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel Angel Pereira Loureiro</span></p> <p id="par1795" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia, Reanimación y UCI, Complejo Hospitalario de Vigo</p> <p id="par1800" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Milagros Cid Manzano</span></p> <p id="par1805" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología, Complexo Hospitalario de Ourense</p> <p id="par1810" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Elena Vilas Otero</span></p> <p id="par1815" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Xeral-Cíes</p> <p id="par1820" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jorge Ángel Pereire Tamayo</span></p> <p id="par1825" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo</p> <p id="par1830" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Marina Varela Duran</span></p> <p id="par1835" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Montecelo- Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra</p> <p id="par1840" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">José Ricardo Gimeno Costa</span></p> <p id="par1845" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitai i Politecnic La Fe. Valencia</p> <p id="par1850" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ignacio Moreno Puigdollers</span></p> <p id="par1855" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reanimación, Hospital La Fe. Valencia</p> <p id="par1860" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">María Teresa Recio</span></p> <p id="par1865" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario de Cáceres</p> <p id="par1870" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Francisco Machado Casas</span></p> <p id="par1875" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén</p> <p id="par1880" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael Léon</span></p> <p id="par1885" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia. Córdoba</p> <p id="par1890" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Silverio Salvador</span></p> <p id="par1895" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anestesiología y reanimación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante</p> <p id="par1900" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Carolina Giménez Esparza</span></p> <p id="par1905" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Vega Baja. Orihuela</p> <p id="par1910" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Joaquín Lobo Palanco</span></p> <p id="par1915" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra</p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix 1" "titulo" => "É<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">pico</span> Study" "identificador" => "sec0055" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EDUSEPSIS: Proyecto Educacional en Sepsis Español.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Name \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Scientific society<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Pedro Llinares Mondéjar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC/SEC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Rafael Zaragoza Crespo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Emilio Maseda Garrido \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Ricard Ferrer Roca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC/EDUSEPSIS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Alejandro H. Rodríguez Oviedo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab391873.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">The Spanish Association of Mycology (AEM) as promoter, the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC); the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapeutics (SEDAR); The Spanish Society of Critical, Intensive and Coronary Medicine Units (SEMICYUC); and the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Épico</span> Study. List of coordinators.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Name \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Scientific society<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Benito Almirante Gragera \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Rafael González de Castro \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Miguel Salavert Lletí \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEQ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. José María Aguado García \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. María Izascun Azcárate Egaña \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. Mercedes Bouzada Rodriguez \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Jesús Rico Feijoo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Cristóbal León Gil \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Gerardo Aguilar Aguilar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. José Ignacio Gómez Herreras \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Juan Carlos del Pozo Laderas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. José Garnacho Montero \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. Beatriz Galván Guijo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Javier Pemán García \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Guillermo Quindós Andrés \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Manuel Cuenca Estrella \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AEM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. Marisa Pérez del Molino Bernal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. Patricia Muñoz García \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Francisco Álvarez Lerma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dra. Carmen Fariñas Álvarez \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEIMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Jesús Fortun Abete \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Rafael León López \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. César Aragón González \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Juan Carlos Valía Vera \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEDAR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dr. Marcio Borges Sa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SEMICYUC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab391874.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">The Spanish Association of Mycology (AEM) as promoter, the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC); the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapeutics (SEDAR); The Spanish Society of Critical, Intensive and Coronary Medicine Units (SEMICYUC); and the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">List of experts who participated in the <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Épico</span> Study.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiological section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Since the incidence of patients with invasive candidiasis admitted to intensive care units has increased in the last decades, consider early treatment in critically ill patients with an infectious process \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. The most common fungal infections in critically ill patients are caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species and, although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> is still the species that produces the majority of the candidiasis, consider that non <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span>–<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species are found with increased frequency, exceeding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> in some series \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. While it is essential to know the local epidemiology in critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis, consider the possibility of fluconazole-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species in neutropenic patients with chronic renal failure, who have received previous triazole therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4. Since certain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. tropicalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. krusei</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> have been associated with high mortality in critically ill patients, consider the early use of efficient antifungal agents against these species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scores section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Determining the Candida Score should be a screening tool in all critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. Investigate the presence of multicolonization in all patients at risk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. Associate biomarkers detection to the Candida Score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic laboratory section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Perform blood cultures at the time of suspected invasive candidiasis and every 2–3 days, provided the infection persists. In case of a positive result, perform controls until a negative result is obtained \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. Submit sterile fluids and tissues for fungal culture and use direct microscopy whenever possible \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. In patients with suspected invasive candidiasis, use the routine non-culture based microbiological technique, if available in your center \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4. In patients with proven invasive candidiasis, request an antifungal susceptibility study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Start early treatment at the time of considering the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, since early treatment is associated to lower mortality rates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. An echinocandin should be the first-choice empirical treatment in critically ill patients, regardless of prior administration of azole therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. Only in special situations in hemodynamically stable patients without prior azole therapy and with knowledge of a local epidemiology, treatment with azoles can be considered \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4. At least one ophthalmological evaluation is recommended in all patients with candidemia at risk of developing chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis, since an ocular involvement is a marker of prolonged treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5. The antifungal treatment should be changed in patients with ocular involvement and on echinocandin therapy, due to its poor penetration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6. Whenever possible, remove the central catheter in patients with candidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutic de-escalation section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. In critically ill patients with proven invasive candidiasis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. albicans</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. glabrata</span> receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, consider de-escalating to fluconazole treatment if clinical stability is present and the species is fluconazole-susceptible \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. In critically ill patients with proven invasive candidiasis by a fluconazole-susceptible <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species that are receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, consider de-escalating to fluconazole 2 or 3 days after achieving clinical stability \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. In patients receiving antifungal therapy due to suspected invasive candidiasis that has not been proven by the tenth day and show no clinical improvement, suspend the antifungal treatment and reevaluate the patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab391875.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">First 20 recommendations.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiological section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Since the incidence of patients with invasive candidiasis admitted to intensive care units has increased in the last decades, consider early treatment in critically ill patients with an infectious process \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. While it is essential to know the local epidemiology in critically ill patients with invasive candidiasis, consider the possibility of fluconazole-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species in neutropenic patients with chronic renal failure, who have received previous triazole therapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scores section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. As a screening tool, investigate the presence of candidiasic multicolonization and determine the Candida Score in all critically ill patients with suspected invasive candidiasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Laboratory diagnostic section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Perform blood cultures at the time of suspected invasive candidiasis and every 2–3 days, provided the infection persists. In case of a positive result, perform hemoculture controls until a negative result is obtained \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. Submit sterile fluids and tissues for fungal culture and use direct microscopy whenever possible \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. In patients with suspected invasive candidiasis, use the routine non-culture based microbiological technique, if available in your center \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4. In patients with proven invasive candidiasis, request an antifungal susceptibility study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. Start early treatment, at the time of considering the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2. An echinocandin should be the first-line choice of empirical therapy in critically ill patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3. At least one ophthalmological evaluation is recommended in all patients with candidemia. In case of ocular involvement, consider the poor penetration of echinocandins \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4. Whenever possible, remove the central catheter in patients with candidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutic de-escalation section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1. In critically ill patients with proven invasive candidiasis by a fluconazole-susceptible <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species that are receiving empirical echinocandin therapy, consider de-escalating to fluconazole after 2 or 3 days of clinical stability \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab391872.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The 12 <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Épico</span> final recommendations.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:70 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prospective study in critically ill non-neutropenic patients: diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">d</span>-glucan assay and circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. 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