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array:23 [ "pii" => "S0034935613002247" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2013.08.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-01-01" "aid" => "365" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2014;61:47-50" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1518 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 8 "HTML" => 1301 "PDF" => 209 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0034935612004690" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2012.11.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-01-01" "aid" => "248" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2014;61:51-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1060 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 5 "HTML" => 765 "PDF" => 290 ] ] "es" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Carta al director</span>" "titulo" => "Posibilidades de empleo de la oximetría cerebral transcutánea en zona de combate" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "52" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Possibilities for using transcutaneous cerebral oximetry in a combat zone" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 869 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 113060 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baja en combate monitorizada con INVOS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> ingresada en el hospital militar español desplegado en Herat (Afganistán). Imagen de los autores.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Navarro Suay, A. Munayco Sánchez, J. Olivera García, J.R. Rey Frediani" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Navarro Suay" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Munayco Sánchez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Olivera García" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Rey Frediani" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0034935612004690?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00349356/0000006100000001/v1_201401110049/S0034935612004690/v1_201401110049/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0034935612004240" "issn" => "00349356" "doi" => "10.1016/j.redar.2012.10.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-01-01" "aid" => "233" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2014;61:43-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1356 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 5 "HTML" => 1090 "PDF" => 261 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Caso clínico</span>" "titulo" => "Neumoencéfalo como causa de descenso del índice biespectral" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "46" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Pneumocephalus as a cause of a decrease in the bispectral index" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1092 "Ancho" => 1499 "Tamanyo" => 310284 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Imagen monitor BIS.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En la imagen se observa un descenso progresivo del BIS desde un nivel previamente estable de 40 hasta un valor de 3, junto a un aumento progresivo de la tasa de supresión desde 0 hasta 90%.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.L. Herreras Gutiérrez, F. Gilsanz Rodríguez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Herreras Gutiérrez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Gilsanz Rodríguez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0034935612004240?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00349356/0000006100000001/v1_201401110049/S0034935612004240/v1_201401110049/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case report</span>" "titulo" => "Spinal anaesthesia in a patient with post-spine surgery dural ectasia" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "50" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C.L. Errando, A. Del Moral, I. Cobo, N. García-Gregorio, M.A. Pallardó-López" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.L." "apellidos" => "Errando" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A. Del" "apellidos" => "Moral" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Cobo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "García-Gregorio" ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Pallardó-López" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mpallardolopez@yahoo.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Anestesia subaracnoidea en un paciente con ectasia dural postcirugía raquídea" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1256 "Tamanyo" => 197320 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CT scan with contrast medium. Midline sagital view. The point of the suture dehiscence can be seen (arrow head), with extraluminal air and a liquid collection in the anterior aspect of the distal rectosigmoid bowel. Contrast medium accumulation is observed in the low lumbar dural sac that showed the ectasic dilatation. The ectasia is observed in the upper part of the lumbar and thoracic spine too (arrows). L2–L3 lystesis can be observed too.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been estimated that more than 325,000 spinal anaesthesia procedures are performed in the UK per annum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Despite that spinal anaesthesia was introduced more than 100 years ago, and experience spreads all around the world, several types of failures appear in daily practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Among the general causes of failures reported (failed lumbar puncture, solution injection errors, inadequate intrathecal spread, ineffective drug action, and failure of adequate management after the puncture) inadequate spread has been attributed to anatomical abnormalities, and this possibility includes a larger than usual cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. It is known that the primary determinant of block extent of a spinal anaesthetic is CSF volume in normal patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Related with this can be dural ectasia, a rare malformation consisting in a dilatation of the dural sac, most of times localized in the lumbar or low thoracic-lumbar spine, and associated with several diseases. However this is usually occult and, during a spinal anaesthetic, a sensory block level lower than required for surgery could be obtained, needing additional interventions.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a patient sustaining an undiagnosed dural ectasia who presented for emergent abdominal surgery that was operated on under spinal anaesthesia.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A male patient, 88 years old, 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, 155<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm, ASA physical status IIIE, presented in the emergency department with acute abdominal pain and subocclusive colon disease. The patient had had several previous admissions, and in this occasion surgery was indicated.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Associated diseases were global respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive airway disease (treated with inhaled steroids, ipratropium bromide, and salbutamol), atrial fibrillation (treated with warfarin, which was withdrawn 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h before in a previous emergency department admission), thoracoabdominal spine surgery due to a severe trauma several years ago (no more data were available of this procedure), left lower limb thromboflebitis, and age-related general deterioration. The patient sustained a megacolon with colonic volvulus having previously deemed to need no scheduled surgery due in part to the health status of the patient.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from the clinical aspect of frailty, exploration showed moderate abdominal distension, and diminished respiratory sounds on auscultation. Blood analysis showed anaemia (haemoglobin 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL), and no other alterations (including coagulation profile). The ECG showed sinus tachycardia at 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm; a chest X-ray showed basal left atelectasis, and an abdominal X-ray showed the volvulus and the colon with extensive aeration.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical procedure consisted of an open left haemicolectomy with colostomy (Hartmann procedure) via midline infraumbilical incision. Antibiotic prophylaxis was administered.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spinal anaesthesia with sedation was chosen. We use 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine diluted with saline to 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml). The lumbar puncture was performed in the lateral decubitus position. On back palpation no spinous process references were noted except at a very low lumbar level. A long longitudinal midline scar was observed in the patient's back. The puncture was made by paramedian approach at the presumed L2–L3 interspace, with a 25G pencil point spinal needle. Free flow of CSF was obtained at the second attempt, and the spinal drug injected. Cutaneous sensory level checked by pinprick was T5–T6.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxygen with nasal prongs was delivered. Sedation consisted of midazolam 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg in separate boluses, and two boluses of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg of ketamine. An infusion of midazolam plus ketamine (1–2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span> and 20–40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>, respectively) was started and maintained throughout the procedure.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgery proceeded uneventfully until min 60 when the patient complained from pain on small bowel traction, additional midazolam 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, ketamine 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and fentanyl 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg were injected. Surgery lasted 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. No haemodynamic alterations were observed. The patient was discharged to the ward.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consent of the relatives was requested for the case report and images publication.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After reviewing the abdominal X-ray a radiolucid image was observed in the midline (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), and together with the antecedent of spine surgery, dural ectasia was suspected. Review of an abdominal X-ray from three years ago showed the same image.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four days afterwards, acute abdominal pain developed again with fever and general status deterioration. Blood analysis showed anaemia, leucocytosis, and increased lactate and reactive C protein. A suture dehiscence with peritonitic reaction was suspected.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For confirmation surgeons requested a pelvic CT scan with contrast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). This showed a small dehiscence in the sigmoid bowel suture. In addition the dural ectasia was observed with accumulation of contrast and absence of the posterior structures of the spine (part of the spinous process, laminae and part of the pedicles) from T12 to L4, without rod instrumentation. On careful inspection of the X-ray film, the dural ectasia could be seen from almost T8 to L4.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic treatment was started as well. Surgical repair was indicated. Haemodynamic status showed moderate arterial hypotension. The same anaesthesia team performed the same anaesthetic procedure as before. Initially the midline infraumbilical approach was chosen for surgery, but an 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm supraumbilical incision extension was needed. The clinical characteristics of the subarachnoid blockade were the same as in the first surgical procedure.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bowel dehiscence in the sigmoid cul-de-sac was repaired and some localized peritoneal purulent fluid washed. An additional bolus of ketamine 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and fentanyl 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg was again needed because the procedure lasted 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. The patient was discharged to the recovery room, and to the surgical ward the following day. No severe haemodynamic deterioration developed, only two boluses of ephedrine 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg were needed, one during surgery and one on arriving to the recovery room. Blood analysis showed progressive improvement of the infection-related parameters with neither anaemia nor acidosis next day. However the patient status worsened four days afterwards and he died at day18th after admission for pneumonia, suspected pulmonary thromboembolism and septic shock.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a patient with dural sac ectasia. Although this alteration can be a normal anatomic variation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> cases related to several diseases has been described, as ankylosing spondylitis, type I neurofibromatosis, idiopathic juvenile scoliosis, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, and homocystinuria. However, the disease with more cases described is Marfan syndrome,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in which is highly prevalent –80–90%– and is one of its major diagnostic criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–9</span></a> Moreover, dural sac anteroposterior diameter has been proposed as a diagnostic parameter for dural ectasia in Marfan syndrome,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> this being not applicable to other dural ectasia causes. From a pathophysiologic point of view, these entities have in common being connective tissue diseases that explain the dilatation of the lumbosacral dural sac due to the pressure the altered structures should support by the standing attitude (bipedism) for years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Tumours and trauma have been related in rare instances with dural ectasia. We have found only two reports of dural ectasia caused by postspine surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In all the cases described the diagnosis was made after long-lasting unspecific symptoms that prompted neuroimaging studies.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding neuraxial anaesthesia in patients with dural ectasia, we have found a few reports. Epidural anaesthesia was successfully used for caesarean section in a pregnant patient with Marfan syndrome and dural ectasia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> There are several cases where subarachnoid anaesthesia failed or a lower than expected sensory level was reached needing additional anaesthetic interventions or procedures,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,12,13</span></a> notwithstanding this is not the rule and a usual dose can reach a “normal” sensory level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A disparity between the volume of CSF and the amount of drug injected is the most probable cause of the low sensory level reached sometimes, especially if the local anaesthetic is hyperbaric and the injection was made in the sitting position. Theoretically a higher than usual drug mass (or volume) would be needed to reach adequate surgical anaesthesia, as indirectly evidenced by the relationship of the sensory level with the CSF volume,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> but this has not been carefully investigated.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it can be supposed that only this ‘technical’ problem exists in dural sac ectasia, it has been reported a case of transient bupivacaine local toxicity after a mistaken caudal analgesia injection, the patient sustaining a dural ectasia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The question of whether this was due to direct toxicity by local anaesthetic accumulation in the ectasic dural sac is speculative. On the other hand, is should be not forgotten that some Marfan patients sustain Arnold–Chiari malformation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and this should be taken into account if a dural puncture is indicated.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patient, the high pressure in the dural sac for years could have been the reason of the dural ectasia. To our knowledge the patient never had received spine rod instrumentation, so the posterior wall of the low thoracic and lumbar spine were compliant. An additional possibility was that the patient carried out an undiagnosed connective tissue disease. Supporting this are the bowel elongation, megacolon and the dural ectasia formation, but this is speculative.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the anaesthetic technique used, we chose low dose spinal anaesthesia because we usually use it in old patients under lower limb (unpublished data, abstract in: Peiró CM, Errando CL, Soriano JL, Bocos J, Gimeno A, Murcia M, de Andrés JA. Single shot spinal anaesthesia with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine (3.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg), for hip fracture repair surgery in the elderly. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007; 32 (5) Suppl. 1: 47) and emergency surgery abdominal procedures, together with sedation, due to the haemodynamic stability provided. In this case, the low bupivacaine dose used was sufficient to reach a surgical sensory block level but in other instances it cannot be reached due to the anatomical malformation. In our experience this use to be enough (3–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg diluted hyperbaric bupivacaine), and, in fact, the initial sensory level was adequate until near the end of the procedure. The diluted drug remains hyperbaric (unpublished data, mean density >1.00900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>). However, apart from general anaesthesia, other regional anaesthetic techniques could had been chosen in order to inject a low amount of local anaesthetic with moderate haemodynamic repercussion, as combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia (with the high possibility of failure of the epidural component) or continuous spinal anaesthesia. The later has not proven superior to low single spinal dosing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, some failures of spinal anaesthesia can be due to anatomical alterations of the dural sac (i.e. dural ectasia) that can or cannot be suspected from patient's antecedents or associated diseases.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Funding was obtained only from departmental sources.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CL Errando is Editor-in Chief of Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación. This article has been independently edited by the Co-editor-in-chief. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres303133" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec286285" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres303134" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec286286" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-06-05" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-08-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec286285" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Anaesthesia" 1 => "Spinal" 2 => "Surgical procedures" 3 => "Aged" 4 => "Aged 80 and over" 5 => "Frail elderly" 6 => "Anatomic variations" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec286286" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Anestesia subaracnoidea" 1 => "cirugía general" 2 => "anciano, anciano de 80 o más años, anciano frágil" 3 => "variaciones anatómicas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dural sac ectasia is a very infrequent anatomical abnormality, usually caused by connective tissue diseases, as Marfan syndrome. Very few cases have been described being a consequence of a previous spine surgical procedure.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We describe the case of an elderly patient who should be operated on twice due to subocclusive colon disease. Surgery was performed under spinal anaesthesia. A dural sac ectasia was suspected after the first procedure and the abdominal X-ray was reviewed. The characteristics of the anatomical alteration and the course of both anaesthetic procedures were described. X-ray and CT images were provided.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ectasia del saco dural es una alteración anatómica infrecuente causada habitualmente por enfermedades del tejido conjuntivo como el síndrome de Marfan. Se han descrito pocos casos que sean consecuencia de un procedimiento quirúrgico previo en el raquis.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describimos el caso de un paciente anciano que fue operado dos veces por suboclusión del colon. La operación fue llevada a cabo con anestesia subaracnoidea. Se sospechó una ectasia del saco dural tras la primera cirugía y por la revisión de la radiografía abdominal.</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se describen las características de la alteración anatómica y el curso de ambos procedimientos anestésicos. Se aportan la radiografía simple y las imágenes de TC.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1263 "Ancho" => 1663 "Tamanyo" => 183628 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Posteroanterior abdominal X-ray. The image of the bowel volvulus can be seen. A radiolucent midline area is observed that corresponds with the extensive laminectomy (and probably with the dural sac ectasia). Detail is showed in the right part of the image. Arrows mark the upper and lower limits.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1250 "Ancho" => 1256 "Tamanyo" => 197320 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CT scan with contrast medium. Midline sagital view. The point of the suture dehiscence can be seen (arrow head), with extraluminal air and a liquid collection in the anterior aspect of the distal rectosigmoid bowel. Contrast medium accumulation is observed in the low lumbar dural sac that showed the ectasic dilatation. The ectasia is observed in the upper part of the lumbar and thoracic spine too (arrows). 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