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Inicio Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética Efecto de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 en el riesgo de c...
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Vol. 15. Núm. 4.
Páginas 189-193 (octubre - diciembre 2011)
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Vol. 15. Núm. 4.
Páginas 189-193 (octubre - diciembre 2011)
Acceso a texto completo
Efecto de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 en el riesgo de cáncer de mama
Effect of polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on the risk of breast cancer
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6230
Rosa M. Álvarez Álvareza,
Autor para correspondencia
rosaalvar@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Núria Mach Casellasb
a Área de Ciéncies de la Salut, Institut Internacional de Postgrau, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, España
b Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, Países Bajos
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Resumen

El cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer más frecuente en las mujeres de todo el mundo. Sin embargo, la incidencia de cáncer de mama es mucho más alta en los países desarrollados (descartando Japón), en comparación con los países no desarrollados. Por lo tanto, aparte de los posibles polimorfismos genéticos, existen factores de tipo ambiental relacionados con el estilo de vida y el tipo de alimentación que afectan al riesgo de cáncer de mama. Existe una creciente evidencia que indica que patrones alimentarios, así como alimentos, bebidas o nutrientes específicos, tienen un papel importante en la prevención de este y otros tipos de cáncer. Las dietas altas en omega-6 (n-6) se asocian con mal pronóstico del cáncer de mama, mientras que la ingesta de omega-3 (n-3) parece tener el efecto contrario, al estar involucrados en mecanismos biológicos que implican la inhibición de la carcinogénesis mamaria. Los n-6 pueden ser inhibidores competitivos de los n-3 en el metabolismo lipídico y, en consecuencia, podrían inhibir los efectos anticancerígenos de los n-3 en la glándula mamaria. Dicha hipótesis implica que podría ser importante mantener una razón n-3:n-6 elevada para prevenir el cáncer de mama, hecho que contrasta con el consumo actual de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de las poblaciones occidentales, en que suele predominar el consumo de n-6. Pese a que existen mecanismos biológicos que explican la relación entre la razón n-3:n-6 y la prevención del cáncer de mama de forma plausible, no existe suficiente evidencia científica para obtener conclusiones o recomendaciones catalogadas como probables o convincentes, por lo que parece prudente recomendar un incremento de la ingesta de ácidos grasos n-3, sin restringir, de forma específica, la ingesta de n-6.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de mama
Ácidos grasos omega-3
Ácidos grasos omega-6
Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world. However, the incidence of breast cancer is much higher in developed countries (discarding Japan) compared to undeveloped countries. Therefore, apart from the possible genetic polymorphisms, there are environmental factors related to lifestyle and diet which affect the risk of breast cancer. There is growing evidence indicating that dietary behaviour, as well as food, beverages or specific nutrients play an important role in preventing this and other types of cancer. Diets high in omega-6 (n-6) are associated with a poor prognosis of breast cancer, while the intake of omega-3 (n-3) seems to have the opposite effect, due to be involved in biological mechanisms that involve the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis. The n-6 can be competitive inhibitors of the n-3 in lipid metabolism and therefore could inhibit the anticancer effects of n-3 in the mammary gland. This hypothesis implies that it could be important to maintain a ratio of n-3:n-6 high for the prevention of breast cancer, a fact which contrasts with the current consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Western populations, where the consumption of n-6 usually dominates. Despite the fact that there are biological mechanisms that explain the relationship between n-3:n-6 ratio and the prevention of breast cancer as plausible, there is not enough scientific evidence to obtain conclusions or recommendations classified as probable or compelling, it seems prudent to recommend an increase in the intake of fatty acids n-3 without specifically restricting the intake of n-6.

Keywords:
Breast cancer
Fatty acids, omega-3
Omega-6
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