Article information
Resumen
La nefropatía lúpica (NL) es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) la cual tiene un impacto directo en la supervivencia de estos pacientes. El uso de un tratamiento inmunosupresor agresivo ha mejorado la supervivencia renal y de los pacientes. Los objetivos de esta terapia inmunosupresora son la obtención de una remisión temprana, evitar la aparición de exacerbaciones y la progresión a insuficiencia renal crónica con la mínima toxicidad posible. El tratamiento con pulsos intravenosos mensuales de ciclofosfamida y de glucocorticoides (el régimen del Instituto Nacional de Salud) como tratamiento de inducción y la administración a largo plazo de pulsos venosos de ciclofosfamida o con azatioprina ha llegado a ser el tratamiento estándar de la NL proliferativa severa. El micofenolato mofetil es una alternativa a la ciclofosfamida en el tratamiento de inducción y de mantenimiento de la NL proliferativa. Existen otras opciones terapéuticas para la NL resistente como regímenes más agresivos de ciclofosfamida (a expensas de una mayor toxicidad), inhibidores de la calcineurina, gamaglobulina hiperinmune intravenosa, inmunoadsorción y terapias dirigidas contra la célula B.
Palabras clave:
nefritis lúpica
agentes citotóxicos
micofenolato mofetil
linfocitos B
rituximab
Summary
Lupus nephritis (LN) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The use of aggressive immunosuppressive treatment has improved both patient and renal survival. The objectives of this therapy should be to achieve a prompt renal remission, to avoid renal flares and progression to chronic renal failure with minimal toxicity. Treatment with monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids (National Institute of Health regimen) as induction treatment and long-term administration of venous pulses of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine has become standard treatment for severe proliferative LN. Mycophenolate mofetil is an alternative to cyclophosphamide for induction and maintenance therapy of proliferative LN. There are other therapeutic options for resistant LN as more aggressive ciclophosphamide regimens, but at the expense of more toxicity, calcineurin inhibitors, intravenous immunoglobulin, immunoadsorption and therapies that selectively target B cells.
Key words:
lupus nephritis
cytotoxic agents
micophenolate mofetil
B-lymphocytes
rituximab
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Referencias
[1.]
J.S. Cameron.
Clinical manifestations of lupus nephritis.
Rheumatology and the kidney, pp. 17-32
[2.]
D. Estes, C.L. Christian.
The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus by prospective analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore), 50 (1971), pp. 85-95
[3.]
A. Harvey, L.E. Shulman, A.P. Tumulty, et al.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: review of the literature and clinical analysis of 138 cases.
Medicine, 33 (1954), pp. 291-337
[5.]
R. Cervera, M.A. Khamastha, J. Font, et al.
Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period. A comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1000 patients.
Medicine (Baltimore), 82 (2003), pp. 299-308
[6.]
C.F. Mojcik, J.H. Klippel.
End-stage renal disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Am J Med, 101 (1996), pp. 100-107
[7.]
J.R. MacGowan, S. Ellis, M. Griffiths, D.A. Isenberg.
Retrospective analysis of outcome in a cohort of patients with lupus nephritis treated between 1977 and 1999.
Rheumatology Oxford, 41 (2002), pp. 981-987
[8.]
E.M. Ginzler, H.S. Diamond, M. Weiner, et al.
A multicenter study of outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: I Entry variables as predictors of prognosis.
Arthritis Rheum, 25 (1982), pp. 601-611
[9.]
P. Correia, J.S. Cameron, C.S. Ogg, D.G. Williams, M. Bewick, J.A. Hicks.
End-stage renal failure in systemic lupus erythematosus with nephritis.
Clin Nephrol, 22 (1984), pp. 293-302
[10.]
H.A. Austin, J.H. Klippel, J.E. Balow, et al.
Therapy of lupus nephritis Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs.
N Engl Med, 314 (1986), pp. 614-619
[11.]
M.F. Gourley, H.A. Austin, D. Scott, et al.
Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis.
Ann Intern Med, 125 (1996), pp. 549-557
[12.]
D.T. Boumpas, H.A. Austin 3rd, E.M. Vaughan, C.H. Yarboro, J.H. Klippel, J.E. Balow.
Risk for sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy.
Ann Intern Med, 119 (1993), pp. 366-369
[13.]
C.D. Radis, L.E. Kahl, G.L. Baker, et al.
Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year follow up study.
Arthritis Rheum, 38 (1995), pp. 1120-1127
[14.]
C.C. Mok, C.S. Lau, R.W. Wong.
Risk factors for ovarian failure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclophosphamide therapy.
Arthritis Rheum, 41 (1998), pp. 831-837
[15.]
F.A. Houssiau, C. Vasconcelos, D. D’Cruz, et al.
Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: The Euro-Lupus nephritis trial, a randomized trial of lowdose versus high dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Arthtitis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 2121-2131
[16.]
T.M. Chan, F.K. Li, C.S.O. Tang, R.W.S. Wong, et al.
Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med, 343 (2000), pp. 1156-1162
[17.]
G. Contreras, V. Pardo, B. Leclerq, et al.
Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 971-980
[18.]
A.M. Ginzler, M.A. Dooley, C. Aranow, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med, 353 (2005), pp. 2219-2228
[19.]
L.M. Ong, L.S. Hooi, T.O. Lim, et al.
Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis.
Nephrology, 10 (2005), pp. 504-510
[20.]
T.M. Chan, K.C. Tse, C.S. Tang, M.Y. Mok, F.K. Li, Hong Kong Nephrology Study Group..
Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil as continuous induction and maintenance treatment for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis.
J Am Soc Nephrol, 16 (2005), pp. 1076-1084
[22.]
G. Contreras, E. Tozman, N. Nahar, D. Metz.
Maintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. s33-s38
[23.]
D.T. Boumpas, J.E. Balow.
Outcome criteria for lupus nephritis trials: a critical overview.
Lupus, 7 (1998), pp. 622-629
[24.]
A.D. Steinberg, S.C. Steinberg.
Long-term preservation of renal function in patients with lupus nephritis receiving treatment that includes cyclophosphamide versus those treated with prednisone only.
Arthritis Rheum, 34 (1991), pp. 945-950
[25.]
D.T. Boumpas, H.A. Austin, E.M. Vaughn, et al.
Controlled trial of pulse of methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis.
Lancet, 340 (1992), pp. 741-745
[26.]
G.G. Illei, H.A. Austin, M. Crane, L. Collins, M.F. Gourley, C.H. Yarboro, et al.
Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis.
Ann Intern Med, 135 (2001), pp. 248-257
[27.]
K. Takada, G.G. Illei, D.T. Boumpas.
Cyclophosphamide for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus, 10 (2001), pp. 154-161
[28.]
G.G. Illei, K. Takada, D. Parkin, et al.
Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: long-term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 995-1002
[29.]
S.M. Korbet, E.J. Lewis, M.M. Schwartz, Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group., et al.
Factors predictive of outcome in severe lupus nephritis.
Am J Kidney Dis, 35 (2000), pp. 904-914
[30.]
F.A. Houssiau, C. Vasconcelos, D. D’Cruz, et al.
Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from longterm followup of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 3934-3940
[31.]
F.A. Houssiau, C. Vasconcelos, D. D’Cruz, et al.
The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Ann Rheum Dis, (2009),
[32.]
D. D’Cruz, M.J. Cuadrado, F. Mujic, M.F. Tungekar, N. Taub, M. Lloyd, M.A. Khamasta, G.R. Hughes.
Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 15 (1997), pp. 275-282
[33.]
R.S. Flanc, M.A. Roberts, G.F. Strippoli, S.J. Chadban, P.G. Kerr, R.C. Atkins.
Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Am J Kidney Dis, 43 (2004), pp. 197-208
[34.]
G. Moroni, B. Gallelli, S. Quaglini, G. Banfi, E. Rivolta, P. Messa, C. Ponticelli.
Withdrawal of therapy in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis: long-term follow-up.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 21 (2006), pp. 1541-1548
[35.]
T.M. Chan, F.K. Li, R.W.S. Wong, et al.
Sequential therapy for diffuse proliferativa and membranous lupus nephritis: cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone.
Nephron, 71 (1995), pp. 321-327
[36.]
C.C. Mok, K.Y. Ying, W.L. Ng, K.W. Lee, C.H. To, C.S. Lau, R.W. Wong, T.C. Au.
Long-term outcome of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with cyclophosphamide.
Am J Med, 119 (2006), pp. 25-33
[37.]
A.C. Allison, E.M. Eugui.
Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanism of action.
Immunopharmacology, 47 (2000), pp. 85-118
[38.]
J.S. Dayton, T. Lindsten, C.B. Thompson, B.S. Mitchell.
Effects of human T lymphocyte activation on inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase expression.
J Immunol, 152 (1994), pp. 984-991
[39.]
E.M. Eugui, S.J. Almquist, C.D. Muller, A.C. Allison.
Lymphocyte-selective cytostatic and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid in vitro: role of deoxyguanosine nucleotide depletion.
Scand J Immunol, 33 (1991), pp. 161-173
[40.]
I.A. Hauser, L. Renders, H.H. Radeke, R.B. Sterzel, M. Goppelt-Struebe.
Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits rat and human mesangial cell proliferation by guanosine depletion.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 14 (1999), pp. 58-63
[41.]
R.A. Blaheta, K. Leckel, B. Wittig, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil impairs transendothelial migration of allogeneic CD4 and CD8 T-cells.
Transplant Proc, 31 (1999), pp. 1250-1252
[42.]
S.L. Lui, L.Y. Chan, X.H. Zhang, et al.
Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression during renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16 (2001), pp. 1577-1582
[43.]
M. Waldman, G.B. Appel.
Update on the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Kidney Int, 70 (2006), pp. 1403-1412
[44.]
A. Bardsley-Elliot, S. Noble, R.H. Foster.
Mycophenolate mofetil: a review of its use in the management of solid organ transplantation.
BioDrugs, 12 (1999), pp. 363-410
[45.]
L.F. Flores-Suarez, A.R. Villa.
Open randomized trial comparing mycophenolate mofetil versus intravenous cyclophosphamide as induction therapy for severe lupus nephritis.
J Am Soc Nephrol, 15 (2004), pp. PO257
[46.]
M. Walsh, M. James, D. Jayne, M. Tonelli, B.J. Manns, B.R. Hemmelgarn.
Mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2 (2007), pp. 968-975
[47.]
B. Zhu, N. Chen, Y. Lin, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 22 (2007), pp. 1933-1942
[48.]
R.A. Moore, S. Derry.
Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis.
Arthritis Res Ther., 8 (2006), pp. R182
[49.]
J.F. Neylan, U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group..
Immunosuppressive therapy in high-risk transplant patients: dose-dependent efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in African-American renal allograft recipients.
Transplantation, 64 (1997), pp. 1277-1282
[50.]
E.J. Schweitzer, S. Yoon, J. Fink, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil reduces the risk of acute rejection less in African-American than in Caucasian kidney recipients.
Transplantation, 27 (1998), pp. 242-248
[51.]
A. Sinclair, G. Appel, M.A. Dooley, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil as induction and maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis: rationale and protocol for the randomized controlled Aspreva Lupus Management Study (ALMS).
Lupus, 12 (2007), pp. 972-980
[52.]
G.B. Appel, G. Contreras, M.A. Dooley, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis.
J Am Soc Nephrol, 20 (2009), pp. 1103-1112
[53.]
A.S. Appel, G.B. Appel.
An update on the use of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis and other primary glomerular diseases.
Nat Clin Pract Nephrol., 5 (2009), pp. 132-142
[54.]
D.T. Boumpas, J.E. Balow.
Outcome criteria for lupus nephritis trials: a critical overview.
Lupus, 7 (1998), pp. 622-629
[55.]
C.C. Mok, K.Y. Ying, W.L. Ng, et al.
Long-term outcome of diffuse proliferativa glomerulonephritis treated with cyclophosphamide.
Am J Med, 119 (2006), pp. 25-33
[56.]
Renal Disease Subcommitte of the American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response, Criteria., The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for proliferativa and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 421-432
[57.]
C. Gordon, C. Jayne, D. Adu, et al.
European consensus statement on the terminology used in the management of lupus glomerulonephritis.
Lupus, 18 (2009), pp. 257-263
[59.]
T.M. Chan, K.C. Tse, C.S. Tang, et al.
Long-term outcome of patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis treated with prednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. 265-272
[60.]
C.C. Mok, C.T.K. Ho, K.W. Chan, et al.
Outcome and prognostic indicators of diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis treated with sequential oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 1003-1013
[61.]
D. Jayne, J. Passweg, A. Marmont, et al.
European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation; European League Against Rheumatism Registry: Autologous stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus, 13 (2004), pp. 168-176
[62.]
M. Petri, R.J. Jones, R.A. Brodsky.
High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 166-173
[63.]
M. Petri, R. Brodsky, R. Jones, I. Brodsky, L. Magder.
High dose cyclophosphamide vs monthly cyclophosphamide: eighteen month results [abstract].
ACR meeting, (2005),
[64.]
H. Favre, P.A. Miescher, Y.P. Huang, et al.
Cyclosporin in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Am J Nephrol, 9 (1989), pp. 57-60
[65.]
L.S. Tam, E.K. Li, C.B. Leung, et al.
Long-term treatment of lupus nephritis with cyclosporin A.
QJM, 91 (1998), pp. 573-580
[66.]
L.W. Fu, L.Y. Yang, W.P. Chen, et al.
Clinical efficacy of cyclosporine A neural in the treatment of paediatric lupus nephritis with heavy proteinuria.
Br J Rheumatol, 37 (1998), pp. 217-221
[67.]
C. Dostal, V. Tesar, I. Rychlik, et al.
Effect of 1 year cyclosporine A treatment on the activity and renal involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study.
Lupus, 7 (1998), pp. 29-36
[68.]
H. Ogawa, H. Kameda, H. Nagasawa, et al.
Prospective study of low-dose cyclosporine A in patients with refractory lupus nephritis.
Mod Rheumatol, 17 (2007), pp. 92-97
[69.]
C.C. Mok, K.H. Tong, C.H. To, Y.P. Siu, T.C. Au.
Tacrolimus for induction therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: an open-labeled pilot study.
Kidney Int, 68 (2005 Aug), pp. 813-817
[70.]
E. Toubi, A. Kessel, Y. Shoenfeld.
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: an option in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hum Immunol, 66 (2005), pp. 395-402
[71.]
M. Ballow.
Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and potential use in autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
Cancer, 68 (1991), pp. 1430-1436
[72.]
G. Zandman-Goddard, Y. Levy, Y. Shoenfeld.
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 29 (2005), pp. 219-228
[73.]
J. Bayry, S. Lacroix-Desmazes, S. Delignat, L. Mouthon, B. Weill, M.D. Kazatchkine, et al.
Intravenous immunoglobulin abrogates dendritic cell differentiation induced by interferon-alpha present in serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 3497-3502
[74.]
J.N. Boletis, J.P. Ioannidis, K.A. Boki, H.M. Moutsopoulos.
Intravenous immunoglobulin compared with cyclophosphamide for proliferative lupus nephritis.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 569-570
[75.]
Y. Levy, Y. Sherer, J. George, et al.
Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of lupus nephritis.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 29 (2000), pp. 321-327
[76.]
A. Winder, Y. Molad, I. Ostfeld, et al.
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by prolonged administration of high dose intravenous immunoglobulins: report of two cases.
J Rheumatol, 20 (1993), pp. 495-498
[77.]
C.Y. Lin, H.C. Hsu, H. Chiang.
Improvement of histological and immunological change in steroid and immunosuppressive drug-resistant lupus nephritis by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin.
Nephron, 53 (1989), pp. 303-310
[78.]
L. Rauova, J. Lukak, Y. Levy, J. Rovensky, Y. Shoenfeld.
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for lupus nephritis- a salvage immunomodulation.
Lupus, 10 (2001), pp. 209-213
[79.]
E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, S.P. Lan, R.D. Rohde, J.M. Lachin, The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group.
A controlled trial of plasmapheresis therapy in severe lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 1373-1379
[80.]
D.J. Wallace, D. Goldfinger, S.H. Pepkowitz, M. Fichman, A.L. Metzger, J.O. Schroeder, et al.
Randomized controlled trial of pulse/synchronization cyclophosphamide/apheresis for proliferative lupus nephritis.
J Clin Apheresis, 13 (1998), pp. 163-166
[81.]
M.G. Danieli, C. Palmieri, A. Salvi, M.C. Refe, A.S. Strusi, G. Danieli.
Synchronized therapy and high-dose cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis.
J Clin Apheresis, 17 (2002), pp. 72-77
[82.]
N. Braun, C. Erley, R. Klein, I. Kotter, J. Saal, T. Risler.
Immunoadsorption onto protein A induces remission in severe systemic lupus erythematosus.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 15 (2000), pp. 1367-1372
[83.]
B. Pfueller, K. Wolbart, A. Bruns, G.R. Burmester, F. Hiepe.
Successful treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by immunoadsorption with a C1q column: a pilot study.
Arthritis Rheum, 44 (2001), pp. 1962-1963
[84.]
K. Suzuki.
The role of immunoadsorption using dextransulfat cellulose columns in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ther Apher, 4 (2000), pp. 239-243
[85.]
G.H. Stummvoll, M. Aringer, J.S. Smolen, S. Schmaldienst, E. Jimenez-Boj, W.H. Horl, et al.
IgG immunoadsorption reduces systemic lupus erythematosus activity and proteinuria: a long term observational study.
Ann Rheum Dis, 64 (2005), pp. 1015-1021
[86.]
P.P. Bhat, J. Radhaskrishanan.
B lymphocytes and lupus nephritis: new insights into pathogenesis and targeted therapies.
Kidney Int, 73 (2008), pp. 261-268
[87.]
M.E. Reff, K. Carner, K.S. Chambers, P.C. Chinn, J.E. Leonard, R. Raab, et al.
Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20.
Blood, 83 (1994), pp. 435-445
[88.]
R.J. Looney, J.H. Anolik, D. Campbell, R.E. Felgar, F. Young, L.J. Arend, et al.
B cell depletion as a novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I/II doseescalation trial of rituximab.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 2580-2589
[89.]
P.P. Sfikakis, J.N. Boletis, S. Lionaki, V. Vigklis, K.G. Fragiadaki, A. Iniotaki, H.M. Moutsopoulos.
Remission of proliferative lupus nephritis following B cell depletion therapy is preceded by down-regulation of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand: an open-label trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 52 (2005), pp. 501-513
[90.]
J.E. Gottenberg, L. Guillevin, O. Lambotte, B. Combe, Y. Allanore, A. Cantagrel, et al.
Tolerance and short term efficacy of rituximab in 43 patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.
Ann Rheum Dis, 64 (2005), pp. 913-920
[91.]
K.G. Smith, R.B. Jones, S.M. Burns, D.R. Jayne.
Long-term comparison of rituximab treatment for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis: Remission, relapse, and re-treatment.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 2970-2982
[92.]
M. Vigna-Perez, B. Hernández-Castro, O. Paredes- Saharopulos, D. Portales-Pérez, L. Baranda, C. Abud- Mendoza, R. González-Amaro.
Clinical and immunological effects of Rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis refractory to conventional therapy: a pilot study.
Arthritis Res Ther, 8 (2006), pp. R83
[93.]
K.P. Ng, G. Cambridge, M.J. Leandro, J.C. Edwards, M. Ehrenstein, D.A. Isenberg.
B. cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up and predictors of response.
Ann Rheum Dis, 66 (2007), pp. 1259-1262
[94.]
I. Gunnarsson, B. Sundelin, T. Jónsdóttir, S.H. Jacobson, E.W. Henriksson, R.F. van Vollenhoven.
Histopathologic and clinical outcome of rituximab treatment in patients with cyclophosphamide-resistant proliferative lupus nephritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 1263-1272
[95.]
Y. Tanaka, K. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, N. Nishimoto, N. Miyasaka, T. Sumida, Y. Shima, K. Takada, I. Matsumoto, K. Saito, T. Koike.
A multicenter phase I/II trial of rituximab for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus.
Mod Rheumatol, 17 (2007), pp. 191-197
[96.]
J.N. Boletis, S. Marinaki, C. Skalioti, S.S. Lionaki, A. Iniotaki, P.P. Sfikakis.
Rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing proliferative lupus nephritis: a long-term prospective study.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, (2009 Jan 29),
[97.]
G. Cartron, L. Dacheux, G. Salles, P. Solal-Celigny, P. Bardos, P. Colombat, et al.
Therapeutic activity of humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and polymorphism in IgG Fc receptor Fc gamma RIIIa gene.
Blood, 1 (2002), pp. 754-758
[98.]
G. Bertsias, D.T. Boumpas.
Update on the management of lupus nephritis: let the treatment fit the patient.
Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 4 (2008), pp. 464-472
[99.]
T. Dorner.
Crossroads of B cell activation in autoimmunity: rationale of targeting B cells.
J Rheumatol Suppl, 77 (2006), pp. 3-11
[100.]
T. Dorner, J. Kaufmann, W.A. Wegener, N. Teoh, D.M. Goldenberg, G.R. Burmester.
Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Res Ther, 8 (2006), pp. R74
[102.]
M.H. Weisman, H.G. Bluestein, C.M. Berner, et al.
Reduction in circulating dsDNA antibody titer after administration of LJP 394.
J Rheumatol, 24 (1997), pp. 314-318
[103.]
V. Strand, C. Aranow, M.H. Cardiel, D. Alarcón-Segovia, R. Furie, Y. Sherrer, et al.
Improvement in health-related quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing LJP 394 treatment with placebo.
Lupus, 12 (2003), pp. 677-686
[104.]
D. Alarcon-Segovia, J.A. Tumlin, R.A. Furie, J.D. McKay, M.H. Cardiel, V. Strand, et al.
LJP 394 for the prevention of renal flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 442-454
[105.]
C.A. Chambers, J.P. Allison.
Co-stimulation in T cell responses.
Curr Opin Immunol, 9 (1997), pp. 396-404
[106.]
B. Salomon, J.A. Bluestone.
Complexities of CD28/B7: CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways in autoimmunity and transplantation.
Annu Rev Immunol, 19 (2001), pp. 225-252
[107.]
D.T. Boumpas, R. Furie, S. Manzi, G.G. Illei, D.J. Wallace, J.E. Balow, et al.
A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 719-727
[108.]
K.C. Kalunian, J.C. Davis Jr., J.T. Merrill, M.C. Totoritis, D. Wofsy.
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibition of T cell costimulation with anti-CD154: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 3251-3258
[109.]
A. Davidson, B. Diamond, D. Wofsy, D. Daikh.
Block and tackle: CTLA4Ig takes on lupus.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. 197-203
[110.]
R. Furie, W. Stohl, E.M. Ginzler, M. Becker, N. Mishra, W. Chatham, et al.
Biologic activity and safety of belimumab, a neutralizing anti-B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) monoclonal antibody: a phase I trial in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Res Ther, 10 (2008), pp. R109
[111.]
J.A. Gross, J. Johnston, S. Mudri, R. Enselman, S.R. Dillon, K. Madden, et al.
TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease.
Nature, 404 (2000), pp. 995-999
[112.]
R.L.J. Furie, J.T. Merrill, M. Petri, LBSLO2 Study Group., et al.
Multiple SLE disease activity measures in a multi-center phase 2 SLE trial demonstrate belimumab (fully human monoclonal antibody to B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLYS) improves or stabilizes SLE activity.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 63
[113.]
K.C. Tse, F.K. Li, S. Tang, C.S. Tang, K.N. Lai, T.M. Chan.
Angiotensin inhibition or blockade for the treatment of patients with quiescent lupus nephritis and persistent proteinuria.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. 947-952
[114.]
B.H. Hahn.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and accelerated atherosclerosis.
N Engl J Med, 349 (2003), pp. 2379-2380
[115.]
I.N. Bruce, D.D. Gladman, M.B. Urowitz.
Premature atherosclerosisin systemic lupus erythematosus.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 26 (2000), pp. 257-278
[116.]
F.A. Houssiau, C. Lefebvre, G. Depresseux, M. Lambert, J.P. Devogelaer.
Nagant de Deuxchaisnes: Trabecular and cortical bone loss in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Br J Rheumatol, 35 (1996), pp. 244-247
[117.]
D. Jardinet, C. Lefebvre, G. Depresseux, M. Lambert, J.P. Devogelaer, F.A. Houssiau.
Longitudinal analysis of bone mineral density in pre-menopausal female systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Deleterious role of glucocorticoid therapy at the lumbar spine.
Rheumatology, 39 (2000), pp. 389-392
Copyright © 2009. Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología
