metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Diagnóstico perioperatorio de malignidad asociada al bocio multinodular
Información de la revista
Vol. 76. Núm. 6.
Páginas 369-375 (diciembre 2004)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 76. Núm. 6.
Páginas 369-375 (diciembre 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Diagnóstico perioperatorio de malignidad asociada al bocio multinodular
Perioperative diagnosis of malignancy in multinodular goiter
Visitas
6752
Antonio Ríos-Zambudioa,1
Autor para correspondencia
ARZRIOS@teleline.es

Correspondencia: Dr. A. Ríos-Zambudio. Avda. de la Libertad, 208. 30007 Casillas. Murcia. España
, José Manuel Rodríguez-Gonzáleza, Manuel Canterasb, María Dolores Balsalobrea, Francisco Javier Tebarc, Pascual Parrillaa
a Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo I. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. Murcia
b Departamento de Bioestadística. Universidad de Murcia. Murcia
c Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. Murcia. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Introducción

La incidencia de malignidad en el bocio multinodular (BM) oscila entre el 1 y el 10%; su diagnóstico es difícil, excepto si se dispone de una histología definitiva. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: a) determinar los factores clínicos de riesgo de malignidad del BM, y b) valorar la utilidad de la ecografía, la citología (PAAF) y la biopsia intraoperatoria (BIO) en el BM para detectar malignidad.

Pacientes y método

Se revisan 672 BM intervenidos, de los cuales 59 (8,8%) presentan un carcinoma tiroideo asociado. Se analizan diferentes variables, como los factores pronósticos, y los resultados de la ecografía, la PAAF y la BIO para descartar malignidad. El diagnóstico de estas exploraciones fue clasificado como positivo (indicativo de malignidad) y negativo (resto de diagnósticos) y se comparó con el de la histología definitiva con el fin de calcular el valor de dichas técnicas para el diagnóstico de malignidad.

Resultados

Las variables independientes asociadas a la presencia de carcinoma sobre un bocio son los antecedentes familiares de enfermedad tiroidea (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,6), el antecedente de radioterapia cervical (RR = 1,8), el bocio recidivado (RR = 2,1) y las adenopatías cervicales (RR = 1,6). La ecografía presentó una sensibilidad del 14% para descartar malignidad, con un valor predictivo positivo del 29% y una seguridad diagnóstica del 89%. La PAAF presentó una sensibilidad del 17%, una especificidad del 96% y una seguridad diagnóstica del 88%, con un valor predictivo positivo del 32% y negativo del 88%. Por último, la BIO mostró una sensibilidad del 19%, una especificidad del 100%, un valor predictivo positivo del 100%, un valor predictivo negativo del 93% y una seguridad diagnóstica del 93%.

Conclusiones

La ecografía, la PAAF y la BIO tienen una baja sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de BM por lo que, ante la sospecha de malignidad, deben tenerse en cuenta los criterios clínicos en la toma de decisiones.

Palabras clave:
Bocio multinodular
Cáncer tiroideo
Ecografía cervical
Biopsia intraoperatoria
Punción-aspiración con aguja fina
Introduction

The incidence of malignancy in multinodular goiter (MG) ranges from 1-10% and diagnosis is difficult without definitive histology. The aims of this study were: a) to determine clinical risk factors for malignancy in MG, and b) to evaluate the utility of ultrasonography, cytology (fine-needle aspiration biopsy [FNAB]) and intraoperative biopsy (IOB) in MG to detect malignancy.

Patients and method

We reviewed 672 patients who underwent surgery for MG, of whom 59 (8.8%) had associated thyroid carcinoma. The prognostic significance of several factors was analyzed and the ability of ultrasonography, FNAB and IOB to rule out malignancy was evaluated. To calculate the value of these techniques in the diagnosis of malignancy, their results were classified as positive (suggestive of malignancy) and negative (remaining diagnoses) and were compared with those of definitive histology.

Results

The independent variables associated with the presence of carcinoma in MG were a family history of thyroid disease (RR=1.6), a history of cervical radiotherapy (RR=1.8), goiter recurrence (RR=2.1) and cervical adenopathies (RR=1.6). The sensitivity of ultrasonography in detecting malignancy was 14%, with a positive predictive value of 29% and a diagnostic accuracy of 89%. The sensitivity of FNAB was 17%, specificity was 96% and diagnostic accuracy was 88% with a positive predictive value of 32% and a negative predictive value of 88%. Lastly, the sensitivity of IOB was 19%, specificity was 100% and diagnostic accuracy was 93% with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 93%.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography, FNAB and IOB show low sensitivity in MG. Therefore, clinical criteria should be taken into account when taking decisions concerning suspected malignancy.

Key words:
Multinodular goiter
Thyroid cancer
Cervical ultrasonography
Intraoperative biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
D.L. Hurley, H. Gharib.
Evaluation and management of multinodular goiter.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 29 (1996), pp. 527-540
[2.]
G. Torre, G. Borgonovo, A. Amato, A. Arezzo, G. Ansaldo, A. De Negri, et al.
Surgical management of substernal goiter: analysis of 237 patients.
Am Surg, 61 (1995), pp. 826-831
[3.]
J.A. Franklyn.
Lack of consensus in Europe in the management of nontoxic multinodular goitre.
Clin Endocrinol, 53 (2000), pp. 3-12
[4.]
A. Carpi, A. Nicolini, A. Sagripanti.
Protocols for the preoperative selection of palpable thyroid nodules.
Am J Clin Oncol, 22 (1999), pp. 499-504
[5.]
H. Gharib.
Changing concepts in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules.
Endocrinol Clin North Am, 26 (1997), pp. 777-800
[6.]
A.R. Hermus, D.A. Huysmans.
Treatment of benign nodular thyroid disease.
N Engl J Med, 338 (1998), pp. 1438-1447
[7.]
S.A. Abu Eshy, A.R. Khan, G.M. Khan, M.A. Al Humaidi, M.Y. Al Shehris, T.S. Malatani.
Thyroid malignancy in multinodular goitre and solitary nodule.
J R Coll Surg Edinb, 40 (1995), pp. 310-312
[8.]
M.S. Al Saleh, K.M. Al Kattan.
Incidence of carcinoma in multinodular goitre in Saudi Arabia.
J R Coll Surg Edinb, 39 (1994), pp. 106-108
[9.]
J.L. Peix, P. Braun, M. Saadat, N. Berger, M. El Khazen, F. Mancini.
Occult micro medullary thyroid carcinoma: therapeutic strategy and follow up.
World J Surg, 24 (2000), pp. 1373-1376
[10.]
I. Sachmechi, E. Miller, R. Varatharajah, A. Chernys, Z. Carroll, E. Kissin, et al.
Thyroid carcinoma in single cold nodules and in cold nodules of multinodular goiters.
Endocr Pract, 6 (2000), pp. 5-7
[11.]
S.J. Bonnema, F.N. Bennedbaek, P.W. Ladenson, L. Hegedus.
Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter: a North American survey.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (2002), pp. 112-117
[12.]
M.T. Rojeski, H. Gharib.
Nodular thyroid disease. Evaluation and management.
N Engl J Med, 313 (1985), pp. 428-436
[13.]
C.R. McHenry, J.J. Piotrowski.
Thyroidectomy in patients with marked thyroid enlargament: airway management, morbidity, and outcome.
Am Surg, 60 (1994), pp. 586-591
[14.]
C.K.M. Wong, M.H. Wheeler.
Thyroid nodules: rational management.
World J Surg, 24 (2000), pp. 934-941
[15.]
S. Peccin, J.A. De Castro, T.W. Furlanetto, A.P. Furtado, B.A. Brasil, M.A. Czepielewski.
Ultrasonography: is it useful in the diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules?.
J Endocrinol Invest, 25 (2002), pp. 39-43
[16.]
H. Gharib.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: advantages, limitations and effect.
Mayo Clin Proc, 69 (1994), pp. 44-49
[17.]
J. Cap, A. Ryska, P. Rehorkova, E. Hovorkova, Z. Kerekes, I. Pohnetalova.
Sensitivity and specificity of the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: clinical point of view.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf, 51 (1999), pp. 509-515
[18.]
H. Yamashita, S. Noguchi, S. Watanabe, S. Uchino, H. Kawamoto, M. Toda, et al.
Thyroid cancer associated with adenomatous goiter: an analysis of the incidence and clinical factors.
Surg Today, 27 (1997), pp. 495-499
[19.]
J.A. Franklyn, J. Daykin, J. Young, G.D. Oates, M.C. Sheppard.
Fine needle aspiration cytology in diffuse or multinodular goitre compared with solitary thyroid nodules.
BMJ, 307 (1993), pp. 240
[20.]
P. Caraci, S. Aversa, A. Mussa, G. Pancani, C. Ondolo, S. Conticello.
Role of fine needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section evaluation in the surgical management of thyroid nodules.
[21.]
F. Taneri, A. Poyraz, E. Tekin, E. Ersoy, A. Dursun.
Accuracy and significance of fine-needle aspiration cytology and frozen section in thyroid surgery.
Endocr Regul, 32 (1998), pp. 187-191
[22.]
M.M. Davoudi, K.A. Yeh, J.P. Wei.
Utility of fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen section examination in the operative management of thyroid nodules.
Am Surg, 63 (1997), pp. 1084-1090
[23.]
A. Paphavasit, G.B. Thompson, I.D. Hay, C.S. Grant, J.A. Van Heerden, D.M. Ilstrup, et al.
Follicular and Hürthle cell thyroid neoplasms: is frozen section evaluation worth-while?.
Arch Surg, 132 (1997), pp. 674-680
[24.]
J.F. Hamming, M.R. Vriens, B.M. Goslings, I. Songun, G.J. Fleuren, Velde CJH. Van de.
Role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section examination in determining the extent of thyroidectomy.
World J Surg, 22 (1998), pp. 575-580
[25.]
A.D. Brooks, A.R. Shaha, W. DuMornay, A.G. Huvos, M. Zakowski, M.F. Brennan, et al.
Role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section analysis in the surgical management of thyroid tumors.
Ann Surg Oncol, 8 (2001), pp. 92-100
[26.]
R. Udelsman, W.H. Westra, P.I. Donovan, T.A. Sohn, J.L. Cameron.
Randomized prospective evaluation of frozen section analysis for follicular neoplasms of the thyroid.
Ann Surg, 33 (2001), pp. 716-722
[27.]
J.C. Roach, K.S. Heller, S. Dubner, L.A. Sznyter.
The value of frozen section examinations in determining the extent of thyroid surgery in patients with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 128 (2002), pp. 263-267
[28.]
C. McHenry, P. Walfish, I. Rosen.
Non diagnostic fine aspiration biopsy: a dilemma in management of nodular thyroid disease.
Am Surg, 59 (1993), pp. 415-419
[29.]
L.J. Layfield, A. Reichman, K. Bottles, A. Giuliano.
Clinical determinants for the management of thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration cytology.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 118 (1992), pp. 717-721
[30.]
A. Ríos, J.M. Rodríguez, J. Illana, N.M. Torregrosa, P. Parrilla.
Familial papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Report of 3 families.
Eur J Surg, 167 (2001), pp. 339-443
[31.]
T.J. Musholt, P.B. Musholt, T. Petrich, G. Oetting, W.H. Knapp, J. Klempnauer.
Familial papillary thyroid carcinoma: genetics, criteria for diagnosis, clinical features, and surgical treatment.
World J Surg, 24 (2000), pp. 1409-1417
[32.]
J.F. Hamming, B.M. Goslings, G.J. Van Steenis, H.V. Claasen, J. Hermans, C.J.H. Van de Velde.
The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients with nodular thyroid disease divided into groups of suspicion of malignant neoplasms on clinical grounds.
Arch Intern Med, 150 (1990), pp. 113-116
[33.]
G. From, A. Mellemgaard, N. Knudsen, T. Jorgensen, H. Perrild.
Review of thyroid cancer cases among patients with previous benign thyroid disorders.
Thyroid, 10 (2000), pp. 697-700
[34.]
M.D. Tronko, T.I. Bogdanova, I.V. Komissarenko, O.V. Epstein, V. Oliynyk, A. Kovalenko, et al.
Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents in Ukraine after the Chernobyl nuclear accident: statistical data and clinicomorphologic characteristics.
Cancer, 86 (1999), pp. 149-156
[35.]
B. Hsu, R.S. Reeve, A.I. Guinea, B. Robinson, L. Delbridge.
Recurrent substernal nodular goiter: incidence and management.
Surgery, 120 (1996), pp. 1072-1075
[36.]
F. Menegaux, G. Turpin, M. Dahman, L. Leenhardt, R. Chadarevian, A. Aurengo, et al.
Secondary thyroidectomy in patients with prior thyroid surgery for benign disease: a study of 203 cases.
Surgery, 125 (1999), pp. 479-483
[37.]
B. Brkljacic, V. Cuk, H. Tomic Brzac, Z. Bence Zigman, D. Delic Brkljacic, I. Drinkovic.
Ultrasonic evaluation of benign and malignant nodules in echographically multinodular thyroids.
J Clin Ultrasound, 22 (1994), pp. 71-76
[38.]
G.H. Tan, H. Gharib, C.C. Reading.
Solitary thyroid nodule: comparison between palpation and ultrasonography.
Arch Intern Med, 155 (1995), pp. 2418-2423
[39.]
D. Barbaro, P. Lapi, P. Orsini, C. Pasquini, F. Piazza.
Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cancer in multinodular goiter.
J Endocrinol Invest, 25 (2002), pp. 748
[40.]
S. Peccin, J.A. De Castro, T.W. Furlanetto, A.P. Furtado, B.A. Brasil, M.A. Czepielewski.
Ultrasonography: is it useful in the diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules?.
J Endocrinol Invest, 25 (2002), pp. 39-43
[41.]
S.R. Tollin, G.M. Mery, N. Jelveh, E.F. Fallon, M. Mikhail.
Blumenfeld guidance to assess the risk of malignancy in patients with a multinodular goiter.
Thyroid, 10 (2000), pp. 235-241
[42.]
S. Ramchandra, S. Mandreker, N. Sunil, R.G. Wiseman, Menezes.
Role of fine needle aspiration cytology as the initial modality in the investigation of thyroid lesions.
Acta Cytol, 39 (1995), pp. 898-904
[43.]
Z.W. Baloch, S. Fleisher, V.A. LiVolsi, P.K. Gupta.
Diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm”: A gray zone in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology.
Diagn Cytopathol, 26 (2002), pp. 41-44
[44.]
M. Deandrea, A. Mormile, M. Veglio, M. Motta, R. Pellerito, G. Gallone, et al.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: comparison between thyroid palpation and ultrasonography.
Endocr Pract, 8 (2002), pp. 282-286
[45.]
Z.W. Baloch, S. Hendreen, P.K. Gupta, V.A. LiVolsi, S.J. Mandel, R. Weber, et al.
Interinstitutional review of thyroid fine-needle aspirations: impact on clinical management of thyroid nodules.
Diagn Cytopathol, 25 (2001), pp. 231-234
[46.]
H. Chen, N.E. Dudley, W.H. Westra, G.P. Sadler, R. Udelsman.
Utilization of fine needle aspiration in patients undergoing thyroidectomy at two academic centers across the atlantic.
World J Surg, 27 (2003), pp. 208-211
[47.]
L.H. Lopez, J.A. Canto, M.F. Herrera, A. Bamboa, R. Rivera, O. González, et al.
Efficacy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: experience of a Mexican Institution.
Wold J Surg, 21 (1997), pp. 408-411
[48.]
M.P. Bronner, R. Hamilton, V.A. LiVolsi.
Utility of frozen section analysis on follicular lesions of the thyroid.
Endocr Pathol, 5 (1994), pp. 154-161
[49.]
J.I. Hamburger, B.W. Hamburger.
Declining role of frozen section in surgical planning of thyroid nodules.
Surgery, 98 (1985), pp. 307-312
[50.]
G.T. Emerick, Q.Y. Duh, A.E. Siperstein, G.N. Burrow, O.H. Clark.
Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of follicular thyroid carcinoma.
Cancer, 72 (1993), pp. 3287-3295
[51.]
C.R. McHenry, I.B. Rosen, P.G. Walfish, Y. Bedard.
The influence of needle biopsy and frozen section results on thyroid cancer surgery.
Am J Surg, 116 (1993), pp. 353-356
[52.]
C.R. McHenry, C. Raeburn, T. Strickland, J.J. Marty.
The utility of routine frozen section examination for intraoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
Am J Surg, 172 (1996), pp. 658-661
[53.]
D.M. Miltenburg, H.M. Prost, E.A. Gravis, R. Arem.
The role of frozen section, gender, age, and tumor size in the differentiation of follicular adenoma from carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
Surgery, 128 (2000), pp. 1075-1081
[54.]
E. Leteurtre, X. Leroy, F. Pattou, A. Wacrenier, B. Carnaille, C. Proye, et al.
Wy do trozen sections hava limited value in incapsulated or minimally invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid?.
Am J Clin Pathol, 115 (2001), pp. 370-374
Copyright © 2004. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos