To assess pulmonary function and the prevalence of atopy in school-age children who were very low birth weight as infants and to compare those who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia to those who did not.
METHOD:We studied 85 (39 male and 46 female) at a mean age of 84 (range, 62 to 107) months who were very low birth weight infants. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was defined as oxygen dependency at 36 weeks gestational age. We excluded 8 patients (4 for cerebral palsy and 4 for no collaboration). Detailed perinatal and clinical data were collected. Lung function was evaluated using conventional spirometry. Atopy (assessed by the allergy skin-prick test) was considered when at least one positive skin test occurred in a panel of the most common environmental allergens in the local region. Comparisons between the bronchopulmonary dysplasia and no bronchopulmonary dysplasia groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Fisher's exact tests.
RESULTS:We compared the bronchopulmonary dysplasia (n = 13) and no bronchopulmonary dysplasia (n = 64) groups. Atopy was observed in 4 (30.8%) of the bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients and in 17 (26.6%) of the no bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients (p = 0.742). Two (15.4%) patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had a family history of atopy vs. 17 (26.6%) in the no bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (p = 0.5). Lung function tests showed airway obstruction in 2 (15.4%) of the bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients and in 10 (15.6%) of the no bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients (p = 1.0). Four (33.3%) of the bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients had small airway obstruction vs. 14 (22.2%) of the no bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients (p = 0.466).
CONCLUSION:Our data showed no significant differences in lung function between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and no bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients at school age and no evidence of an association between atopy and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial, chronic respiratory disease that develops as a consequence of perinatal/neonatal lung injury. It is one of the most important sequelae of premature birth, and its prevalence varies widely.1–9 In spite of receiving multifaceted treatment, affected infants can remain oxygen dependent for many months.10,11 The gains in therapeutically reducing BPD have been modest.9,12,13 Infants who require supplementary oxygen at home have increased healthcare utilization, even during preschool years, when they are no longer oxygen-dependent. Recurrent respiratory symptoms that require treatment are common in children who were born prematurely, especially those who had BPD.
More than 50% of BPD patients require rehospitalization in the first two years of life.14 Premature children, especially those who had BPD, are more likely to suffer frequent, troublesome symptoms at school age and in adolescence than term-born controls.11,15 Studies examining adolescents and adults have usually reported on patients who had “classical” BPD; that is, they often had had severe respiratory failure in the neonatal period with chronic pulmonary fibrosis and airway smooth muscle hypertrophy.6,16,17
In recent years, infants have been described as having „new„ BPD, which involves developing chronic oxygen dependence despite initially minimal or even absent respiratory distress. However, affected patients have reduced alveolarization and experience deterioration in lung function over the first year after birth. It is essential to determine if these patients' lung function can „catch up„ and to identify which strategies impair and, most importantly, promote lung growth in this high-risk population.8,18
The most severely affected patients may remain symptomatic and have evidence of airway obstruction even as adults. Although lung function improves over time, abnormalities can be detected even in young adults who had severe BPD as infants.14,19
Because some children with BPD have recurrent wheezing, the question of whether there is a correlation between BPD and atopy arises. A family history of atopy is related to respiratory morbidity, and an atopic predisposition was found to be associated with the persistence of wheezing in preterm infants.20, 21
Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that children with BPD do not have an increased prevalence of atopy, as do those with asthma.20,22
The aim of this study was to assess the pulmonary function and prevalence of atopy in school-age children who were less than 1500 g (VLBW) as infants and to compare those who had BPD as infants to those who did not.
MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjectsWe studied 85 children (39 male and 46 female) at a mean age of 84 (range, 62 to 107) months who were VLBW infants. The children were born between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2004. The total number of VLBW infants in our NICU over this period was 126. We excluded 8 (5 male and 3 female) patients (4 for cerebral palsy and 4 for no collaboration). All the children had been treated at our neonatal intensive care unit. Detailed perinatal and neonatal clinical data were collected, including the following: treatment with prenatal steroids, intrauterine growth restriction, gestational age at birth (GA), birth weight (BW), hyaline membrane disease, mechanical ventilation (MV), length of MV, oxygen therapy and length of oxygen therapy.
The diagnosis of PBD was based on dependence on supplementary oxygen at 36 weeks gestational age. We classified BPD as moderate or severe according to the consensus definition of the National Institutes of Health.5
Follow-up at school ageA questionnaire that included questions about personal history of allergic diseases, family history of atopy, past respiratory symptoms, frequency of airway infections and hospital respiratory readmissions during the previous year, medical treatments and school absenteeism was created and distributed.
A physical examination was conducted that included measurements of body weight and height. To evaluate the child's nutritional status, we calculated the body mass index (BMI) using charts from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
An allergy skin-prick test and spirometry were conducted at the outpatient department.
None of the children had respiratory infections at the time of the lung function tests. If the child was receiving bronchodilator treatment due wheezing episodes, the bronchodilators were withdrawn 12 hours before the evaluation of pulmonary function.
Lung function was evaluated using conventional spirometry (Compact Vitalograph, Buchingham, U.K.). At least three acceptable flow-volume curves were obtained, following the reproducibility criteria of the European Respiratory Society.23
The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV%) and mid-expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of FVC (FEF 25-75%) were recorded. The values of Polgar were used as reference data.24
We defined airway obstruction and small airway obstruction as, respectively, maximal FEV1 and FEF 25-75% values of less than 80% of the predicted values in both determinations.
Atopy was assessed by the allergy skin-prick test for the most common environmental allergens in the local region: Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, dog, cat, Alternaria, gramineae, trees, egg white, fish and peanut. Histamine chloride (10 mg/ml) was the positive control and NaCl 0.9% was the negative control.
Atopy was defined as at least one positive skin-prick test (a weal with a diameter greater than or equal to the negative control).
The parents were fully informed of the purpose of the study and written informed consent was obtained. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Hospital de São João).
Data AnalysisThe BPD and no BDP groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Fisher's exact tests.
RESULTSPerinatal and neonatal dataOut of 77 children, 25 (32.5%) were extremely low birth weight infants.
Thirteen had BPD, of whom 12 were graded as moderate and 1 as severe BPD. The perinatal data are presented in Table I. The average BW and GA of the children with BPD were significantly lower than those of the children without BPD. The BPD risk factors were male gender, hyaline membrane disease, length of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy (Table I).
Clinical characteristics of the studied population and comparisons between patients who did and did not have BPD.
| BPD (n = 13) | No-BPD (n = 64) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weight (grams,) median (range) | 850 (565-1400) | 1210 (655-1500) | 0.01 |
| X ± SD | 900 ± 221 | 1162 ± 875 | |
| Gestational age (weeks), median (range) | 27 (23-30) | 30 (26-35) | <0.0001 |
| X ± SD | 27 ± 1.9 | 29.9 ± 2.4 | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 10 (76.9) | 24 (37.5) | 0.013 |
| Intrauterine growth restriction, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 12 (18.2) | 1.0 |
| Prenatal corticosteroids, n (%) | 12 (92.3) | 60 (93.8) | 1.0 |
| Hyaline membrane disease, n (%) | 13 (100) | 35 (54.7) | 0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 13 (100) | 55 (85.9) | 0.343 |
| MV length (days), median (range) | 58 (7-107) | 10 (0-72) | <0.0001 |
| X ± SD | 54.5 ± 26.6 | 15.72 ± 16.6 | |
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | 13 (100) | 50 (78.1) | 0.110 |
| Oxygen therapy length (days), median (range) | 53 (7-365) | 5.5 (0-58) | <0.0001 |
| X ± SD | 106.3 ± 117.2 | 12.6 ± 15.4 |
X ± SD = mean ± standard deviation
As shown in Table II, the children were observed at a mean age of 84 (range, 62 to 107) months in the BDP group and 92 (range, 69 to 105) months in the no BPD group (p = 0.115).
Comparisons of body mass index, respiratory symptoms, school absenteeism, hospital admissions and treatment at school age between patients who had BPD or did not have BPD.
| BPD (n = 13) | No BPD (n = 64) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months), median (range) | 84 (62-107) | 92 (69-105) | 0.115 |
| X ± SD | 91.0 ± 11.3 | 84.7 ± 13.2 | |
| Body mass index (percentile) | |||
| < 5 | 1 (7.7) | 4 (6.3) | 0.975 |
| 5-25 | 4 (30.8) | 17 (26.6) | |
| 25-50 | 5 (38.5) | 30 (46.9) | |
| 50-85 | 2 (15.4) | 7 (10.6) | |
| > 85 | 1 (7.7) | 6 (9.4) | |
| Wheezing* | 0.063 | ||
| No wheezing, n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 46 (71.9) | |
| Wheezing, n (%) | 5 (38.5) | 18 (28.1) | |
| Mild, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 10 (15.6) | |
| Moderate, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 6 (9.4) | |
| Severe, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Dyspnea* | 0.092 | ||
| No dyspnea, n (%) | 9 (69.2%) | 55 (85.9) | |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (14.1) | |
| Mild, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 5 (7.8) | |
| Moderate , n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 4 (6.3) | |
| Severe, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Absenteeism, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (6.3) | 1.0 |
| Hospital respiratory admissions, n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 12 (18.8) | 0.452 |
| Medical treatment, n (%) | 5 (38.5) | 17 (26.5) | 0.50 |
X ± SD = mean ± standard deviation
In the school-age evaluation, there was no difference between the body mass indices of the children with and without BPD (Table II).
- Respiratory OutcomesWheezing was reported in 8 (61.5%) of the BPD patients and in 46 (71.9%) of the children without BPD (p = 0.063). Dyspnea was observed in 9 (69.2%) of the children with BPD and 55 (85.9%) of those without BPD (p = 0.092).
School absenteeism was reported in 5 (6.5%) and hospital admissions in 16 (20.7%) of our patients, and 22 (28.5%) needed medical treatment in the first two years of life, but no significant differences were observed between the groups (Table II). In the school-age evaluation, none of the children were on systemic steroids, and 7 (9.9%) of them intermittently needed inhaled bronchodilators and/or steroids.
Lung function tests (spirometry)The majority of the children (74/77) performed the spirometry test without difficulty. Out of 77 children, 12 had airway obstruction; of these, 6 had moderate to severe airway obstruction.
No significant differences were seen in FVC, FEV1, FEV% and FEF 25-75% between the BPD and no BPD patients (Table III).
Atopy and lung function comparison at school age between patients who had BPD or did not have BPD.
| BPD (n = 13) | No-BPD (n = 64) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months), median (range) | 84 (62-107) | 92 (69-105) | 0.115 |
| X ± SD | 91.0 ± 11.3 | 84.7 ± 13.2 | |
| Allergy (positive skin-prick test), n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 17 (26.6) | 0.742 |
| Family atopy history, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 17 (26.6) | 0.5 |
| Lung function | |||
| Airway obstruction, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 10 (15.6) | 1.0 |
| Small airway obstruction, n (%) | 4 (33.3) | 14 (22.2) | 0.466 |
| FVC, median (extremes) (% predict) | 88 (58-111) | 91 (56-117) | 0.157 |
| FEV1, median (extremes) (% predict) | 79 (58-98) | 89 (48-124) | 0.172 |
| FEV %, median (extremes) (% predict) | 8.5 (1-17) | 6 (1-43) | 0.324 |
| FEF 25-75 %, median (range) | |||
| (% predict) | 87 (48-148) | 97 (5-223) | 0.439 |
X ± SD = mean ± standard deviation
The lung function tests showed airway obstruction in 2 (15.4%) of the BPD patients and in 10 (15.6%) of the no-BPD patients (p = 1.0); 4 (33.3%) of the patients in the BPD group had small airway obstruction, versus 14 (22.2%) in the no-BPD group (p = 0.466) (Table III).
AtopyAtopy was observed in 4 (30.8%) of the BPD patients and in 17 (26.6%) of the no BPD patients (p = 0.742); 2 (15.4%) of the patients in the BPD group had a family history of atopy versus 17 (26.6%) in the no BPD group (p = 0.5) (Table III). Of the 19 patients with a familiar history of atopy, 6 (32%) had positive skin-prick tests. Of the 21 children with allergies, 15 (71%) did not have a family history of atopy.
DISCUSSIONIn this study, we did not find significant differences in lung function tests and atopy prevalence of school-age children who were VLBW infants, with and without BPD.
In spite of the increased morbidity during first years of life, our patients showed good respiratory outcomes by the time they were school age, a finding which has also been observed by others.15,22,25
Some controversy still exists over the relationship between prematurity, atopy and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, some aspects of which are discussed later in this article .20,21,24, Also, the prevalence of atopy at school age in our patients was not significantly different from that of the general Portuguese school-age population.33,34
Perinatal and neonatal dataThe following BPD risk factors were identified in our patients: birth weight, gestational age at birth , male gender, hyaline membrane disease, length of MV and length of oxygen therapy (Table I). We expected these results based on the findings of other authors.6,16 No significant difference was seen in prenatal corticosteroid treatment (Table I).
Health status and symptoms at school ageThe children were observed at school age: a mean age of 84 (range, 62 to 107) months in the BDP group and a mean age of 92 (range, 69 to 105) months in the no BPD group (p = 0.11) (Table II).
Out of 77 children, 13 had BPD; of these, only one had severe BPD.
- Body Mass IndexIn spite of some evidence that BPD patients have increased morbidity, we did not find a significant difference in the body mass indices of the children with and without BPD (Table II). Our results are consistent with a recent study in which no significant differences were seen in weight or height at the time of evaluation.22 This finding may be due to most of our children having had moderate BPD. Only one patient had severe BPD. Another reason might be that the BPD patients in our neonatal intensive care unit received a nutritional protocol with a high-calorie diet.
It has been demonstrated that greater linear growth, lean mass and bone mass occur in the enriched formula group, which suggests that infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia achieve faster “catch-up” growth when fed higher intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc than are provided in standard proprietary formulas.30 Korhonen and co-workers have shown that at 7 years of age, VLBW children are shorter than term controls independently of whether they had had BPD.31
- Respiratory OutcomeWheezing was reported in 8 (61.5%) of the BPD patients and in 46 (71.9%) of the children without BPD (p = 0.063). Dyspnea was observed in 9 (69.2%) of the children with BPD and 55 (85.9%) of those without BPD (p = 0.092).
School absenteeism was reported in 5 (6.5%) and hospital admissions in 16 (20.7%) of our patients, and 22 (28.5%) needed medical treatment in the first years of life; no significant differences were observed between the groups, however (Table II). The BPD patients had more readmissions in the first years of life (30.8% vs. 18.8%), as has been shown by others.11,19
Longitudinal studies on children with BPD have identified significant airflow obstruction and a greater need for inhaled asthma medication at all ages.8,19 None of the children in the study were on systemic steroids, and about 10% of them needed intermittently inhaled bronchodilators and/or steroids at school age.
Lung Function - SpirometryThe majority of the children performed the spirometry test without difficulty. Lung function values from a longitudinal study of healthy children and adolescents have been published by Hibbert and co-workers.35 Our patients were younger, however, and we used the values from our Department of Pediatrics as references.24
The lung function tests showed airway obstruction in 15.4% of the BPD patients, a frequency not significantly different from the 15.6% observed in the no-BPD patients (Table III). Out of 77 children, 12 had airway obstruction; of these, 6 had moderate to severe airways obstruction.
Our study was not designed to evaluate whether the non-BPD preterm group differed from healthy children born at term. We only compared BPD and no-BPD VLBW children, and we did not find a significant difference.
Other studies have demonstrated early impairment of lung function at school age in BPD children,22,36–41 and isolated prematurity has been shown to play an important role in children's respiratory pathology (the role being the impairment of lung function present in these children since the first years of life).15,42 Depending on its severity, children with BPD may have reduced lung function through childhood and into early life.11,14,19,43
We speculate that our lung function results for PBD and no BPD VLBW infants can be explained by the following reasons. First, only 25 (32.5%) were extremely low birth weight infants, and preterm children of extremely low gestational age show greater impairment in lung function due to reduced alveolarization.6,18 Second, most of our patients had moderate BPD, and only one child had severe BPD. Severe cases show the greatest impairment in lung function.22
Third, the four patients who were the most severely neurologically handicapped were excluded, along with four others who did not choose to collaborate. These patients did not have respiratory symptoms and had radiologically normal lungs. Eight of the children selected for this study could not collaborate. Nevertheless, this is not a valid reason because they had not had BPD. Fourth, our patients had good nutrition status, as evaluated by BMIs at school age that were not significantly different between the groups. Adequate nutrition is mandatory for preventing lung injury and allowing lung growth in preterm infants, particularly for those with BPD. Fifth, our good results probably correspond to the improvements in lung function observed at school age by others.44
AtopyThere is some controversy concerning the association between atopy, prematurity and BPD.20,21,
In our study, no evidence of an association between atopy and BPD was found. Wheezing was observed in 61.5% of the children with BPD and 71.9% of those without BPD (Table II).
The prevalence of wheezing during infancy and early childhood among VLBW infants is high. Siltanen et al. has shown that preterm wheezers who still wheezed at age of 10 were atopic significantly more often than those who no longer wheezed (62% vs. 9%, p = 0.006). Although atopy is not associated with a lifetime prevalence of respiratory symptoms in prematurely born children, an atopic predisposition has been found to be associated with the persistence of wheezing.20
In a previous study, we found that respiratory symptoms were related to perinatal events (specifically, mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy) and not to the existence of atopy.32 These findings have not been confirmed by others; they have found that that chronic and recurrent episodes of wheezing are more directly related to atopy than to neonatal problems.28
We did not find that a family history of atopy was related to respiratory symptoms at school age, as has previously been reported.21
Of the 19 patients with a family history of atopy, 6 (32%) had positive skin-prick tests. Of 21 children with allergies, 15 (71%) had no familial history of atopy. These results are not significantly different from those of the general Portuguese population, in which the prevalence of asthma at school age is approximately 10 to 12% and in which atopy is approximately 2 to 2.5 times more prevalent that asthma.33,34
CONCLUSIONOur data show no significant differences in lung function between BPD and no BPD patients at school age and no evidence of an association between atopy and BPD.
In spite of greater morbidity in the early lives of children with BDP, our data point to good respiratory outcomes at school age, which is consistent with some studies that have shown an improvement in lung function with age.45 In this very high-risk population, however, residual abnormalities may persist later in life, which supports careful follow-up of the clinical condition and lung function of these patients. The importance of these respiratory problems in adult life needs to be determined (whether BPD survivors have a greater risk of developing a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like phenotype with aging, for example). Only longitudinal lung function studies will answer such questions.
Further studies need to be performed with extremely low gestational age and extremely low birth weight infants because this population has a high risk of lung function impairment.
The authors thank the children and parents for their collaboration.