Información del artículo
Resumen
La desnutrición calórico-proteica es frecuente en el anciano hospitalizado. La presencia de este diagnóstico condiciona el pronóstico clínico, así que su detección y tratamiento parecen prioritarios en el plan terapéutico del paciente. Todos los hospitales deberían implantar sistemas de cribado sistemático de desnutrición asociado a un plan de cuidados. Algunas estrategias útiles para mejorar la situación nutricional del anciano son: la modificación de la dieta hospitalaria, incluidas las comidas de alta densidad calórico-proteica, y la utilización de medidas de soporte nutricional, como el suplemento oral o enteral, la nutrición enteral y la nutrición parenteral. En el artículo se repasa desde la evidencia disponible hasta los beneficios que pueden esperarse de todas estas alternativas. Son necesarios más estudios de calidad para responder a los interrogantes del efecto sobre episodios importantes, como capacidad funcional y calidad de vida. Las evidencias en diagnósticos específicos llevan a concretar en mayor medida las ventajas atribuibles a cada posibilidad nutricional.
Palabras clave:
Valoración nutricional
Soporte nutricional
Malnutrición
Ancianos hospitalizados
Abstract
Protein-caloric malnutrition is common in hospitalized elderly patients. The presence of this diagnosis affects clinical prognosis and consequently its detection and treatment are a priority. All hospitals should implement systematic malnutrition screening systems associated with a care plan. Useful strategies to improve nutritional status in the elderly are modifying the hospital diet by including meals with a high protein-caloric density, and the use of nutritional support measures such as oral or enteral supplementation and enteral and parenteral nutrition. Based on the available evidence, the present article reviews the benefits that can be expected from all these alternatives. Further, high-quality studies are required to answer questions on the effect of these measures on significant events such as functional capacity and quality of life. The evidence on specific diagnoses allows the advantages of each nutritional modality to be evaluated more precisely.
Key words:
Nutritional assessment
Nutritional support
Malnutrition
Hospitalized elderly patients
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