The prevalence of syphilis is high in HIV-infected men in Istanbul, Turkey.

The rate of syphilis was found to be significantly higher in MSM HIV infected patients than heterosexual HIV infected patients in Turkey.

Findings of the study highlight the fact that patients infected with HIV must be screened for syphilis at least annually and must be informed about STDs.

The use of the RHT significantly increased the frequency of HIV diagnosis.

Approximately one of three individuals had never tested for HIV previously.

No access to medical care and irregular condom use associated with no HIV testing.

Tendency toward a higher HIV prevalence in patients with no prior HIV testing.

Use of RHT slightly incremented the receipt of confirmatory results.

64% of cases are confirmed by MAT with the first clinical sample.

Human cases of leptospirosis are confirmed 21 days after the onset of clinical signs.

Ballum and Canicola were the most reactive serogroups.

The confirmation time depends on the distance of the health region from the reference laboratory.

The number of serogroups that cross-reacted decreased as the disease progressed.

Bacteremia by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in a twenty-year-old immunocompetent patient.

Rough biotype of this strain correlates with intergenic sequence of aln upstream region.

Treatment with vancomycin plus piperacillin/tazobactam was effective.

Lemierre's syndrome was discarded.

Co-occurrence of qnrS and VIM-11 in P. aeruginosa was detected.

qnrS1 and blaVIM-11 were located in the different plasmids.

qnrS1 harboring plasmid corresponded to IncR group.

qnrS1 plasmid was non-conjugative, however it presented an OriT region (transferable plasmid).

qnrS1 plasmid also carried aminoglycoside resistance genes.

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from an artisanal fruit fermented Mexican beverage.

Lactobacillus pentosus identified as resistant bacteria of some in vitro digestive treatments.

The microorganisms isolated can be potentially used as starters in fermented milk in order to produce a symbiotic beverage.

Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria species are isolated in crops from Argentina.

Fumonisins are mainly detected in maize, wheat and by-products.

Trichotecenes occurrence is high in wheat, soybean and by-products.

Ochratoxin A and patulin are the main toxins detected in fruits and by-products.

Mycotoxin contamination in the food chain represent a toxicological risk for humans.